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The mind-body problem Correlative versus Systemic Psychophysiology To solve or not to solve? From the behavioristic point of view it is possible to assume that the way of solving the mind-body problem does not affect neither the type of selected scientific task, nor the formulation of this task [Watson J.B.]. I believe that it is the solution (even if it is implicit) of this problem that determines the conceptual apparatus of a study, its tasks and even methods. Correlative psychophysiology Correlative psychophysiology Correlative psychophysiology • Traditionally the gap between psychology and physiology was filled with the help of correlative psychophysiology. • Traditional goal of this psychophysiology is the search for the physiological mechanisms of psychic processes. • This approach implied direct correlation between nonspatially located psychological processes and physiological processes located in certain brain structures. THE NEURAL BASIS OF ROMANTIC LOVE • Nothing is known about the neural substrates involved in evoking one of the most overwhelming of all affective states, that of romantic love. • The activity in the brains of 17 subjects who were deeply in love was scanned using fMRI, while they viewed pictures of their partners. • The activity was restricted to foci in the medial insula and the anterior cingulate coretx and, subcortically, in the caudate nucleus and the putamen. • A unique network of areas is responsible for evoking this affective state. Bartels A. & Zeki S. Neuroreport. 2000, 11 (17): 3829-34 A new phase of correlative studies More recently, advances in methods of neuronal activity recording in behaving animals, together with the introduction of modern ideas of "functional specialization" have inspired a new phase of such correlative studies. These studies sought to base “psychological functions” like imagination, decision making, face recognition, cognitive mapping of the space, consciousness etc. not only in particular brain areas but also in specializations of single neurons. C- and U-neurons “I divide the nervous system into two types of neurons, those concerned with consciousness, “C” neurons, and those which take care of unconscious functions, “U” neurons (the use of the word “neuron” in this context is shorthand for “otherwise unspecified subpart of the brain”). The goal of anesthesia is to interfere temporarily with the function of C neurons without disturbing the U neurons.” [John C. Kulli. Is Searle conscious? BBS, 1990, 13:4, 614] Correlations: Prediction or Explanation We might one day have collected so much detailed information about mind-brain correlations that we can predict which mental state will supervene on any specific brain state. Even so we might still no idea as to the reasons why this brain state yields this mental state, and hence no way of deducing one from the other a priori. [Humphrey N. How to solve the mind-body problem. J. of Consciousness Studies. 2000, 7 (4), 5-20] Three blind alleys The major drawback of traditional psychophysiology is the direct psycho-physiological correlation which inevitably results in understanding the mental and physiological processes either as identical, parallel (then psychic appears to be an epiphenomenon), or as interacting (thus admitting the influence of non-material mind on brain matter). These solutions of mind-body problem are centuries old - only the terminology was changed within the same alternatives. For example, Cartesian dualism implying the influence of mind upon brain through epiphysis is substituted by "trialism" of K.Popper and J.Eccles (1977). Reductionism and Eliminativism • Reductionism is the view that the concepts and the laws of a more basic theory – the reducing theory – can be used to … explain the phenomena described in a less basic theory – the reduced theory • Eliminativism envisages a replacement of psychology by neurobiology • Reduction and elimination … are [not different views but] in fact two ends of continuum • At one end … is the view that psychology is entirely correct but that its description is not given in fundamental terms. In this case, psychology must be reduced to the level of neurobiology • At the other end … is the view that psychology is entirely mistaken … and must be replaced by neurobiology [I. Gold & S. Daniel. A neuron doctrine in the philosophy and neuroscience. BBS. 22 (5). 1999] Psychons & Dendrons • The apical dendrites of the pyramidal cells bundle together to form neural receptor units of 100 apical dendrites …, the collective assembladge being called dendron. • The mental world, is microgranular, with mental units called psychons. • In mind-brain interaction one psychon is linked to one dendron through quantum physics. • The active cerebral cortex may be a detector of “mind influences” even if they existed at an intensity below that detectable by physical instruments. John E. Eccles Psychokinesis & Telepathy • The active cerebral cortex may be a detector of “mind influences” even if they existed at an intensity below that detectable by physical instruments. • There is a two-way traffic between mind and the matterenergy system. • The psycho-kinetics experiments indicate that very slight changes can be produced by mental concentration on moving physical objects such as dice. • There are, too, the very carefully controlled experiments on extra-sensory perception. Telepathic communication may be explicable as a direct influence of mind on mind. • The slight and irregular telepathic communications being accepted, it is not possible to answer the question: how is it that a given self is in liaison exclusively with a given brain? John E. Eccles Correlative psychophysiology Systemic solution of the Mind – Body problem For the "conceptual bridge" between psychology and physiology, systemic psychophysiology uses the concept of qualitative specificity, emergent properties of systemic processes, into which separate, local physiological processes are organized to achieve behavioral result, but which cannot be reduced to the latter processes. Correlative psychophysiology Parameters of the result Decision making Acceptor of action’s result Program of the action Result of the action Action Motivation Afferent synthesis Systemic psychophysiology Memory Memory Parameters of the result Decision making Acceptor of action’s result Program of the action Result of the action Action Motivation Afferent synthesis Systemic psychophysiology Correlative psychophysiology The essence of systemic solution of the mindbody problem Mental processes, that characterize an organism and behavioral act as a whole, and physiological processes that take place at the level of separate elements may be related not directly, but only through the informational systemic processes, i.e. processes of organization of elementary mechanisms into a functional system. Memory Parameters of the result Decision making Acceptor of action’s result Program of the action Result of the action Action Motivation Afferent synthesis Systemic psychophysiology Correlative psychophysiology Systemic solution of the Mind – Body problem · Psychological and physiological processes are different aspects of the same informational mechanisms that organize elements of an organism into a system, which is directed to achieve a specific result. Thus, physiology and psychology describe the same systemic mechanisms but in different terms. Memory Parameters of the result Decision making Acceptor of action’s result Program of the action Result of the action Action Motivation Afferent synthesis Systemic psychophysiology Correlative psychophysiology Systemic solution of the Mind – Body problem This solution of the mindbody problem forces one to describe the relationship between psychological and physiological processes, which is only possible using the all-organism nonspatially based systemic mechanisms, not through the direct correlation of psychological and physiological indices. Systemic solution of the Mind – Body problem Memory Parameters of the result Decision making Acceptor of action’s result Program of the action Result of the action Action Motivation Afferent synthesis David J. Chalmers, Facing up to the problem of consciousness, 1995 Body and mind, therefore, are not two separate things but two ways of describing the same thing – or better, the same process, namely the activity of the organism-person in his or her environment. Systemic psychophysiology Correlative psychophysiology The double-aspect principle: Information (or at least some information) has two basic aspects, a physical aspect and a phenomenal aspect. Tim Ingold, Evolving skills, 2000 The dual-aspect principle Mind and Body Mind and matter are manifest aspects of something deeper in Nature. B. Spinoza, 1677 Mind and physical are two aspects of united reality. G.W.F. Hegel, 1830 Psychological and physiological descriptions are partial descriptions of the same systemic informational processes. V.B. Shvyrkov, 1978 Consciousness and its correlated brain states may be thought of as dual aspects of a particular kind of “information”, which is in turn, a fundamental property of nature. M. Velmans, 1991 Information has two basic aspects, a physical aspect and a phenomenal aspect. D. J. Chalmers, 1995 Electricity and Magnetism At the beginning of the nineteenth century electricity and magnetism were thought to be quite distinct, and it was the work of Michael Faraday and, later, James Clerk Maxwell which showed that they were basically two aspects of the same phenomenon. Mind is considered to be a subjective reflection of the objective relation between an organism and environment, while the structure of mind - a "system of interrelated functional systems" that were accumulated in the course of evolutionary and individual development. Studying this structure is studying the subjective, psychic reflection. The tasks of systemic psychophysiology In accordance with the proposed solution of the mind-body problem, the tasks of systemic psychophysiology are formulated. The range of tasks of systemic psychophysiology includes studies of formation and actualization of systems, which are elements of subjective experience, studies of their taxonomy, and dynamics of intersystemic relations in behavior which may be described qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Correlative psychophysiology Parameters of the result Decision making Acceptor of action’s result Program of the action Result of the action Action Motivation Afferent synthesis Systemic psychophysiology Memory The right way to remedy the Cartesian split […division between mind and matter, between the physical sciences and humanistic ways of thinking…] is not for one half of the intellectual world to swallow the other but to avoid making that split in the first place. A human being is … a single item – a whole person. … various ways of thinking are like a set of complementary tools on a workbench or a set of remedies to be used for different diseases. THEIR VARIETY IS THE VARIETY OF OUR NEEDS. [Mary Midgley. Why memes? In: Alas, poor Darwin. H. Rose & S. Rose eds. Harmony Books, N.Y. 2000, pp. 82, 84] Different kinds of description do different kind of work. Explanation of complex things has to proceed pluralistically and convergently … [Mary Midgley. The ethical primate. Humans, Freedom and Morality. London & New York. Routledge. 1994, pp. 55, 90] Mind and evolution I. Panpsychism II. Emergentism • anthropopsychism • neuropsychism • biopsychism Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (2003) 270, 1115–1121 Do fishes have nociceptors? Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system Administration of noxious substances to the lips of the trout affected both the physiology and the behaviour of the animal and resulted in a significant increase in opercular beat rate and the time taken to resume feeding, as well as anomalous behaviours. This study provides significant evidence of nociception in teleost fishes and furthermore demonstrates that behaviour and physiology are affected over a prolonged period of time, suggesting discomfort. Emotion in Snail If the snail performs instrumental behavior for getting self-stimulation of the mesocerebrum it simply means that snail likes it and realizes approach behavior with E+ characteristic of it and gives author the possibility to consider this area of the snail nervous system “as a structure with an “emotional” role in behavior”. [ Balaban & Maksimova 1993, p. 773] Annals of Botany 92: 1-20, 2003 © 2003 Annals of Botany Company Aspects of Plant Intelligence ANTHONY TREWAVAS Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK • although as a species we are clearly more intelligent than other animals, it is unlikely that intelligence as a biological property originated only with Homo sapiens. • Stenhouse (1974) examined the evolution of intelligence in animals and described intelligence as ‘Adaptively variable behaviour within the lifetime of the individual’. • a simple definition of plant intelligence can be coined as adaptively variable growth and development during the lifetime of the individual. • Learning, memory, goal-directedness, choice etc. EMOTION in ALGAE In complex animals, the latter [mechanisms for detecting information in the internal milieu] are recognized to be feelings and desires – emotions and motives – but I suggest that they have an essential continuity with the mechanisms by which a simple animal or plant coordinates the presence of, for example, water in the external environment with the fluid balance within the organism. The reader may ask if I am suggesting that the equivalent of subjective, expressive, and peripheral bodily components of emotion exist in algae. The answer is YES. (pg. 200202) [Ross Buck. Subjective, expressive, and peripheral bodily components of emotion. Handbook of Social Psychophysiology. H. Wagner & A. Manstead eds. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1989, pg. 199-221]