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SESSION TWO: Biological Bases of Learning & Memory Learning Theory Radical Behaviorism Biological Bases of Learning & Memory I. The Human Brain Biological Bases of Learning & Memory I. The Human Brain – has some 12 billion neurons (nerve cells) Biological Bases of Learning & Memory I. The Human Brain – has some 5,000 synapses (junctions between neurons) where signals are transmitted chemically Biological Bases of Learning & Memory Distributionist View – brain functions are distributed throughout the whole brain Biological Bases of Learning & Memory Localization View – certain functions are specific to specific parts of the brain Biological Bases of Learning & Memory Cell Assembly Concept – a brain function, e.g., a specific memory, is localized in a cell assembly network, but the neurons making up this assembly are distributed throughout the cortex (Donald Hebb) Biological Bases of Learning & Memory Brain Formation – brain cell generation and migration is complete in human embryos at about 16 weeks (4 months) of age – yet the brain may not be fully mature until about 10 years, or even 18 years, of age – even so, human brains are plastic; they change with experience (though this ability may decrease with age) – normal brains are limited in their attentional capacity Biological Bases of Learning & Memory II. Memory and Brain Processes – Memory is not a single, unitary phenomenon – Two Basic Memory Processes: » Declarative: Memory for facts and events occurring in brain systems that involve the hippocampus » Nondeclarative or Procedural: Memory for motor skills and cognitive operations that cannot be represented in declarative sentences, occurring in brain systems that involve the neostriatum Biological Bases of Learning & Memory II. Memory and Brain Processes – The mind is not just a passive recorder of events; it is active in structuring, storing, and recalling information – Synapse addition lies at the base of many forms of memory – Memory processes treat both true and false events similarly, I.e. they activate the same brain regions regardless of what is being remembered » children, for instance, can be coached over time to believe that false events are true occurrences Biological Bases of Learning & Memory III. Nature vs. Nurture – What is the relationship between genetic histories and environmental contingencies? Biological Bases of Learning & Memory III. Nature vs. Nurture – Learning disabilities may have a neurological basis (nature) – Language may be biologically pre-programmed (nature) – Behaviors for which there is no predisposition to learn may be hard to establish (nature) Biological Bases of Learning & Memory III. Nature vs. Nurture – Learning organizes and reorganizes the brain, I.e., changes its physical structure by adding synapses and brain cells (nurture) – Practice increases learning (nurture) Biological Bases of Learning & Memory III. Nature vs. Nurture – Development is not an unfolding process driven solely by genetics; it is also an active process that derives essential information from experience (nature and nurture) – Some experiences have the most powerful effects on the brain during specific sensitive periods; other experiences can affect the brain over a much longer period of time (nature and nurture) Biological Bases of Learning & Memory III. Nature vs. Nurture – Debates about Intelligence and Learning: » Arthur Jensen: impoverished children are genetically intellectually inferior » The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (Herrnstein and Murray) » The Mismeasure of Man (Stephen J. Gould) » Frames of Mind (Howard Gardner) Biological Bases of Learning & Memory III. Nature vs. Nurture – Food for Thought: » Do American public schools, though founded on democratic principles, simply separate the sheep from the goats in an elitist fashion, I.e., encourage and reward those already able? » What does your opinion on this matter have to do with learning theories and instructional design?