Everitt et al. (2000) in The Amygdala - Rudolf Cardinal
... which provides a means of measuring the tendency of animals to approach stimuli that have acquired
motivational salience through their predictive (pavlovian) association with a primary reward (Tomie et al.,
1989). (ii) The ability of an appetitive pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) to exert a direc ...
Fear Models in Animals and Humans
... This is an example where learning fear through social communication can result in a robust fear
response and psychopathology.
In general, learning fears through social communication is adaptive in that one does not need to
have painful experiences to know about potential threats. Social fear learnin ...
The amygdala: securing pleasure and avoiding pain
... emotions on memory. However, this view does not fully encapsulate the function of
the amygdala, nor the impact that processing in this structure has on the motivational
limbic corticostriatal circuitry of which it is an important structure. Here we discuss the
interactions between different amygdala ...
Viral restoration of dopamine signaling to the dorsal striatum
... the tongue correlated with bursts of electrophysiological
activity (action potential spikes) from 60–80% of dopamine
neurons recorded. However, after repeated cue–reward
pairings, dopamine neuron activation occurred in response
to the conditioned cue instead of during presentation (and
consumption) ...
Effects of Brain Damage (cont`d.)
... (cont’d.)
• For example, cold remedies exert most of
their effects by blocking parasympathetic
activity.
• Because the flow of sinus fluids is a
parasympathetic response, drugs that block
the parasympathetic system inhibit sinus flow.
• The side effects of cold remedies stem from
anti-parasympatheti ...
cont`d. - PSY388
... • Neurons synthesize neurotransmitters and
other chemicals from substances provided by
the diet
– Acetylcholine synthesized from choline
found in milk, eggs, and nuts
– The amino acid tryptophan serves as a
precursor for serotonin
• Catecholimines contain a catechol group and
an amine group (epineph ...
A CRITIQUE OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF CONSTRUCTIVIST
... The incorporation of critical thinking in the curriculum not only helps learners to transfer critical
thinking skills to other areas of life but also improves the effectiveness of lessons. Critical
thinking requires deep analysis of a lesson which in turn produces deeper understanding resulting
in b ...
Implicit Operant Learning of Pain Sens
... behavioral response to a change in nociceptive input and/or a subjectively experienced change in sensation (c.f. [228]). Such a behavioral response is non-verbal
and implicit and does not necessarily have to correlate with explicit verbal report.
Prerequisite for this type of pain measurement is a t ...
Hippocampus, 22, 1703-1719
... (60-cm long) by a guillotine door. With the door open, a rat
was placed in the lit compartment and its latency to escape fully
into the dark compartment measured. Once the rat escaped into
the dark compartment, the door was closed. After reaching the
end of the compartment and turning around, the ra ...
REWARD LEARNING: Reinforcement
... a learning process, not a motivational, emotional, or affectivexs one. Associationist behaviorism grew with the later works of Thorndike, John Watson
(1913), and with subsequent generations of associationist behaviorist psychologists who evolved alongside the radical behaviorists, and who gave
rise ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... time. We call this delay conditioning. Similar to trace conditioning, the odor signals the onset of electric shock and triggers
a conditioned avoidance response after training. Compared to
trace conditioning the LI is larger for a single training trial. Flies
form a stronger association for shorter ...
Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning
... from the medial central nucleus to the basilar pontine nucleus. Amygdala gating of sensory input to the cerebellum may be an
attention-like mechanism that facilitates cerebellar learning. In contrast to previous theories of amygdala– cerebellum interactions, the sensory gating hypothesis posits that ...
PATHWAYS OF THREAT-AVOIDANCE 1 Safe From Harm: Learned
... group was also informed that when the Instructed CS+, which was a coloured circle not presented
during fear conditioning, appeared they should press the specified marked key on the right to
avoid upcoming shock. For the Learned and Derived groups, blocks of 12 trials, 6 of each CS,
were presented an ...
Lights, Camembert, Action! - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... and central parts of OFC were engaged during expectation of reward, whereas
only medial OFC was engaged following receipt of a rewarding outcome and
avoidance of an aversive one. These findings suggest that a clear dissociation
between responses may only be present in relation to the receipt but not ...
THE AMYGDALA AND REWARD
... general, but they do indicate that its involvement is
much more selective than was previously believed.
The crux of the problem is that stimulus–reward
learning is far from a unitary process, and neither
reinforcement nor reward is an uncomplicated concept.
Naturally occurring rewards include food, ...
the amygdala and reward
... general, but they do indicate that its involvement is
much more selective than was previously believed.
The crux of the problem is that stimulus–reward
learning is far from a unitary process, and neither
reinforcement nor reward is an uncomplicated concept.
Naturally occurring rewards include food, ...
On the use of cognitive maps - David Redish
... hierarchy. At the lowest level of this hierarchy are structured probabilistic models that are explicit hypotheses on the distribution of observations.
Higher levels allow comparison of multiple probabilistic models relative to
data and abstract domain principles. And these hierarchies can be further ...
Chapter 02 Neuroscience and Behavior
... As the impulse travels along the axon, the movement of ions causes a change in charge from positive to neutral in successive
sections of the axon.
...
Eyeblink Conditioning During an Interstimulus Interval Switch in
... initially trained with a 250-ms ISI learned comparably to controls, but those initially trained with a
750-ms ISI were severely impaired. These results suggest that functional input from cerebellar cortex
becomes increasingly important for the interpositus nucleus to learn delay eyeblink conditionin ...
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits
... Common to all biologically meaningful learning is the engagement of multiple distinct phases and sub-processes
that are governed by different, sometimes widely distributed, brain structures. Rabbit eyeblink conditioning (Gormezano et al., 1962), where a neutral conditioned stimulus
(CS, e.g. a tone) ...
introduction to the Structure and Function of the Nervous System
... Jones
& Bartlett
Learning,
LLC
the language function, which consists of the
endocrine
activities. It
This structure
helps reguT FOR SALE OR
DISTRIBUTION
NOT
FOR
SALE
OR
DISTRIBUTION
process of receiving, interpreting, and integratlate the body’s internal environment and behaving visual and auditory ...
FREE Sample Here
... difference in the way rubella would affect the unborn child at these two times is an example of
a)
b)
c)
d)
...
Learning
Learning is the act of acquiring new, or modifying and reinforcing, existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, plants and some machines. Progress over time tends to follow learning curve. It does not happen all at once, but builds upon and is shaped by previous knowledge. To that end, learning may be viewed as a process, rather than a collection of factual and procedural knowledge. Learning produces changes in the organism and the changes produced are relatively permanent.Human learning may occur as part of education, personal development, schooling, or training. It may be goal-oriented and may be aided by motivation. The study of how learning occurs is part of educational psychology, neuropsychology, learning theory, and pedagogy.Learning may occur as a result of habituation or classical conditioning, seen in many animal species, or as a result of more complex activities such as play, seen only in relatively intelligent animals. Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness. Learning that an aversive event can't be avoided nor escaped is called learned helplessness. There is evidence for human behavioral learning prenatally, in which habituation has been observed as early as 32 weeks into gestation, indicating that the central nervous system is sufficiently developed and primed for learning and memory to occur very early on in development.Play has been approached by several theorists as the first form of learning. Children experiment with the world, learn the rules, and learn to interact through play. Lev Vygotsky agrees that play is pivotal for children's development, since they make meaning of their environment through playing educational games.