cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... (conditioned stimulus, CS) that precedes an important event (unconditioned stimulus, US) may come to function as a predictor of the US. Following the association between CS and US, the animal will produce anticipatory behavior (conditioned response, CR) when presented with the CS (Pavlov 1927). In o ...
... (conditioned stimulus, CS) that precedes an important event (unconditioned stimulus, US) may come to function as a predictor of the US. Following the association between CS and US, the animal will produce anticipatory behavior (conditioned response, CR) when presented with the CS (Pavlov 1927). In o ...
Annual Pavlovian Society Meeting ~ Sept 1820, 2014 Hilton Seattle
... Empathic helping in rats and its modulation by social parameters ~ Emotional contagion, the sharing of affective states between individuals, is a powerful motivator for pro-social behavior in humans. In the helping behavior test, rats demonstrate pro-social behavior by releasing a cagemate trapped i ...
... Empathic helping in rats and its modulation by social parameters ~ Emotional contagion, the sharing of affective states between individuals, is a powerful motivator for pro-social behavior in humans. In the helping behavior test, rats demonstrate pro-social behavior by releasing a cagemate trapped i ...
File
... • The rise of behaviorism – Jacques Loeb argued that all animal and most human behavior could be explained with stimulus-response psychology. • This explains behavior in terms of how each stimulus triggers a response. • Flinching from a blow and shading one’s eyes from strong light are stimulusrespo ...
... • The rise of behaviorism – Jacques Loeb argued that all animal and most human behavior could be explained with stimulus-response psychology. • This explains behavior in terms of how each stimulus triggers a response. • Flinching from a blow and shading one’s eyes from strong light are stimulusrespo ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... cortical target areas are often increased (Schultz, 1998). Both findings are not necessarily inconsistent since small differences in firing rates of dopamine neurons are hard to detect with single neuron recordings, and measurement methods for dopamine concentration have usually less temporal resolu ...
... cortical target areas are often increased (Schultz, 1998). Both findings are not necessarily inconsistent since small differences in firing rates of dopamine neurons are hard to detect with single neuron recordings, and measurement methods for dopamine concentration have usually less temporal resolu ...
Optimizing Performance through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention
... We then review findings that point to strong motivational and attentional focus impacts on motor learning. Next, we describe the OPTIMAL theory, which takes into account those new insights, as a new perspective on motor learning. The foundation of our theory is motor behavior. That is, we are less c ...
... We then review findings that point to strong motivational and attentional focus impacts on motor learning. Next, we describe the OPTIMAL theory, which takes into account those new insights, as a new perspective on motor learning. The foundation of our theory is motor behavior. That is, we are less c ...
Behavioral flexibility is increased by optogenetic inhibition of
... into subsequent responses. Inhibiting nucleus accumbens shell neurons in these time segments, during reinforced performance or after a change in contingencies, increases lose –shift behavior. We propose that the activity of nucleus shell accumbens shell neurons in these time segments plays a key rol ...
... into subsequent responses. Inhibiting nucleus accumbens shell neurons in these time segments, during reinforced performance or after a change in contingencies, increases lose –shift behavior. We propose that the activity of nucleus shell accumbens shell neurons in these time segments plays a key rol ...
Program - Albion
... produced in response to olfactory classical conditioning. We have identified five different traces that form in different neurons in the olfactory nervous system with different temporal kinetics after acquisition. Three traces appear to correspond to short‐term memory, one to the consolidation pro ...
... produced in response to olfactory classical conditioning. We have identified five different traces that form in different neurons in the olfactory nervous system with different temporal kinetics after acquisition. Three traces appear to correspond to short‐term memory, one to the consolidation pro ...
Biologically Plausible Error-driven Learning using Local Activation
... The approach proposed by Hinton and McClelland (1988) is to use bi-directional activation recirculation within a single, recurrently connected network (with symmetric weights) to convey error signals. In order to get this to work, they used a somewhat unwieldy four-stage activation update process th ...
... The approach proposed by Hinton and McClelland (1988) is to use bi-directional activation recirculation within a single, recurrently connected network (with symmetric weights) to convey error signals. In order to get this to work, they used a somewhat unwieldy four-stage activation update process th ...
Birds, primates, and spoken language origins: behavioral
... We begin with the useful designations of vocal learning made by Janik and Slater (1997), but with our modifications of their three categories as: production vocal learning; usage vocal learning; and, auditory learning (instead of comprehension learning). Production vocal learning is often defined as ...
... We begin with the useful designations of vocal learning made by Janik and Slater (1997), but with our modifications of their three categories as: production vocal learning; usage vocal learning; and, auditory learning (instead of comprehension learning). Production vocal learning is often defined as ...
Different Roles for Amygdala Central Nucleus and Substantia
... critical determinant of the acquisition of learned associations. The results of studies from many laboratories show that the surprising omission of an expected event may enhance attention to stimuli that remain present, such that subsequent learning about those stimuli is enhanced. A series of repor ...
... critical determinant of the acquisition of learned associations. The results of studies from many laboratories show that the surprising omission of an expected event may enhance attention to stimuli that remain present, such that subsequent learning about those stimuli is enhanced. A series of repor ...
Representing the Hyphen in Action–Effect
... information is essential for the creation of an association, but the temporal information itself is not explicitly conceptualized to be part of the association (cf. Arcediano & Miller, 2002; but see Pavlov, 1927/1960, and the General Discussion for empirical evidence). In contrast, other learning th ...
... information is essential for the creation of an association, but the temporal information itself is not explicitly conceptualized to be part of the association (cf. Arcediano & Miller, 2002; but see Pavlov, 1927/1960, and the General Discussion for empirical evidence). In contrast, other learning th ...
Expectancies in decision making, reinforcement
... they can adjust their choice depending on motivational state (Dickinson and Dawson, 1987)2. In contrast, the model is limited by its previously learned values that do not take the motivational shift into account3. Furthermore, there are other experimental results which are difficult to explain if de ...
... they can adjust their choice depending on motivational state (Dickinson and Dawson, 1987)2. In contrast, the model is limited by its previously learned values that do not take the motivational shift into account3. Furthermore, there are other experimental results which are difficult to explain if de ...
Natural reward-related learning in rats with neonatal ventral
... In exploring these hypotheses, we studied rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) in a natural reward learning protocol 1 week after exposure to a 5-day regimen of cocaine (COC) injections. NVHL rats have been studied by several groups as a comprehensive animal model of schizophrenia. ...
... In exploring these hypotheses, we studied rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) in a natural reward learning protocol 1 week after exposure to a 5-day regimen of cocaine (COC) injections. NVHL rats have been studied by several groups as a comprehensive animal model of schizophrenia. ...
Learning of Sequences of Finger Movements and Timing: Frontal
... 2002; 10.1152/jn.00116.2002. Motor sequence learning involves learning of a sequence of effectors with which to execute a series of movements and learning of a sequence of timings at which to execute the movements. In this study, we have segregated the neural correlates of the two learning mechanism ...
... 2002; 10.1152/jn.00116.2002. Motor sequence learning involves learning of a sequence of effectors with which to execute a series of movements and learning of a sequence of timings at which to execute the movements. In this study, we have segregated the neural correlates of the two learning mechanism ...
A Stress-Induced Shift From Trace to Delay Conditioning Depends
... To assess delay and trace conditioning in one task, we intermixed a CS1 that coterminated with the US (CS1delay) (Figure 2), another CS1 that was followed by the US after an interval of 3 seconds (CS1trace), and a third stimulus that was never reinforced (conditioned stimulus not paired with the US, ...
... To assess delay and trace conditioning in one task, we intermixed a CS1 that coterminated with the US (CS1delay) (Figure 2), another CS1 that was followed by the US after an interval of 3 seconds (CS1trace), and a third stimulus that was never reinforced (conditioned stimulus not paired with the US, ...
6 basic principles of learning
... 33. The form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that causes an innate response in order to elicit the same or similar response from what was the neutral stimulus is referred to as: A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) extinction D) stimulus g ...
... 33. The form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that causes an innate response in order to elicit the same or similar response from what was the neutral stimulus is referred to as: A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) extinction D) stimulus g ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... functions of the current state rather than of the entire history) and computationally more efficient to solve (because we need only to remember and work with the current state, not the entire history). It is important to realize that it is the environment—not the agent—that is assumed to have the Ma ...
... functions of the current state rather than of the entire history) and computationally more efficient to solve (because we need only to remember and work with the current state, not the entire history). It is important to realize that it is the environment—not the agent—that is assumed to have the Ma ...
The Octopus: A Model for a Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of
... the analysis of complex behaviors (reviews in Sanders, 1975; Hanlon and Messenger, 1996). However, according to S.P.R. Rose, the use of O. vulgaris was “instructive [for] the study of its behaviour [but] the octopus did not prove to be God’s organism for the elucidation of memory. Despite Young’s en ...
... the analysis of complex behaviors (reviews in Sanders, 1975; Hanlon and Messenger, 1996). However, according to S.P.R. Rose, the use of O. vulgaris was “instructive [for] the study of its behaviour [but] the octopus did not prove to be God’s organism for the elucidation of memory. Despite Young’s en ...
PDF
... A critical problem in daily decision making is how to choose actions now in order to bring about rewards later. Indeed, many of our actions have long-term consequences, and it is important to not be myopic in balancing the pros and cons of different options, but rather to take into account both imme ...
... A critical problem in daily decision making is how to choose actions now in order to bring about rewards later. Indeed, many of our actions have long-term consequences, and it is important to not be myopic in balancing the pros and cons of different options, but rather to take into account both imme ...
neuronal coding of prediction errors
... In this chapter, we discuss whether various brain structures process prediction errors that could control the modification of behavior in an attempt to understand the neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral learning. Our discussion is limited to error-driven learning and does not include other for ...
... In this chapter, we discuss whether various brain structures process prediction errors that could control the modification of behavior in an attempt to understand the neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral learning. Our discussion is limited to error-driven learning and does not include other for ...
The neural correlates of implicit and explicit sequence learning
... endorse the idea that any task will always tend to involve both implicit and explicit processes, to different degrees determined by a host of factors ranging from the complexity of the material to the subject’s orientation to learn (e.g., Jiménez et al. 1996). This mandates a different experimental ...
... endorse the idea that any task will always tend to involve both implicit and explicit processes, to different degrees determined by a host of factors ranging from the complexity of the material to the subject’s orientation to learn (e.g., Jiménez et al. 1996). This mandates a different experimental ...
VALUE-DEPENDENT SELECTION IN THE BRAIN: SIMULATION IN
... illustrate value-dependent acquisition of a simple foveation response to a visual stimulus. We then examine the improvement that ensues when the connections to the value system are themselves plastic and thus become able to mediate acquired value. Using a second-order conditioning paradigm, we demon ...
... illustrate value-dependent acquisition of a simple foveation response to a visual stimulus. We then examine the improvement that ensues when the connections to the value system are themselves plastic and thus become able to mediate acquired value. Using a second-order conditioning paradigm, we demon ...
Short- and Long-Term Changes in Joint Co
... internal models that generate accurate motor commands, or whether the brain avoids this by using the viscoelasticity of musculoskeletal system. Recent observations on relatively low stiffness during trained movements support the existence of internal models. However, no study has revealed the decrea ...
... internal models that generate accurate motor commands, or whether the brain avoids this by using the viscoelasticity of musculoskeletal system. Recent observations on relatively low stiffness during trained movements support the existence of internal models. However, no study has revealed the decrea ...
Age-related naturally occurring depression of
... Twenty-four hours after conditioning, to measure acoustic CS freezing, the animals were placed in apparatus different from the one used for conditioning to avoid the facilitation of CS retention caused by contextual cues (Balaz et al., 1982; Corodimas and LeDoux, 1995; Oler and Markus, 1998). Once i ...
... Twenty-four hours after conditioning, to measure acoustic CS freezing, the animals were placed in apparatus different from the one used for conditioning to avoid the facilitation of CS retention caused by contextual cues (Balaz et al., 1982; Corodimas and LeDoux, 1995; Oler and Markus, 1998). Once i ...
Chapter 4 Perception, Attribution, and Learning
... • Stereotypes or prototypes – Combines information based on the category or class to which a person, situation, or object ...
... • Stereotypes or prototypes – Combines information based on the category or class to which a person, situation, or object ...