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Physical Development in Infancy & Early Childhood Chapter 3 Reflexes Babies born with host of unlearned reflexes Triggered by specific stimuli & are adaptive Sucking (feeding) Blink (protect eyes) Moro (aids clinging behavior) Some are precursors to voluntary behavior Palmar (grasping) Stepping (walking) Infant Health Apgar score indicates overall health Vital signs (heart rate) Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale Reflexes, hearing, vision,alertness, irritability and consolability Newborn States 4 hour cycle between Alert inactivity Waking activity Crying (2-3 hours/day) Basic v. mad v. pain Sleeping (16-18 hours/day) Cycles of 3 hours of sleep, 1 hour of wakefulness 50% REM first 4 months (20% for adults) Temperament (not all babies are alike) Consistent style of behavior & emotional responding (seen upon birth) Emotionality Activity Sociability Highly heritable (~60%) & stable NOT fate as environment also plays a role (Kagan) Physical Growth Rapid growth 40% energy spent growing Double weight by 3 months, triple by 12 months Size closely related to biological parents Physical Growth Diet Babies eat lots! (50 calories/lb) Adults consume 15-20 calories/lb Breast feeding best (1st year) Antibodies protect against illness Less digestive problems Transition to solid food easier No contamination • Slow introduction of solid foods Early Brain Development After conception: 3 weeks: the neural plate forms 4 weeks: folds into a tube (brain & spinal cord) 10 weeks: neurons are produced until week 28 (4,000/second) Neurons migrate to various locations in layers Deepest layers form first, then the next layer, etc. 7 months post conception and all layers in place 4 months post conception: myelin beings to form Early Brain Development After birth brain grows rapidly Axons, dendrites grow longer Make many new connections with other neurons Specialization begins Frontal lobe: personality, judgement Left hemisphere: language Depends to some extent on experience Early Brain Development Brain plasticity: flexible structure & function? Nature nurture issue Brain has some plasticity Neurons can reorganize and change function Plasticity may also express itself through unique neuronal connection density due to experience • Adult exposed to music/athletics at an early age Brain also has unalterable organizational plan Visual cortex always at back of brain Areas for hearing near temporal lobe Locomotion Dynamic Systems Theory Motor development involves learning & coordinating many skills together (practice) Posture & balance develops in a few months • Visual cues and inner-ear mechanism used to adjust posture Stepping occurs automatically at 7 months Walking develops around 15 months • Use perceptual cues to walk/crawl Fine Motor Skills Reaching & grasping Birth grasping with fingers (not thumb) 4 months reaching & grasping 5-6 months coordinating both hands 7 months grasping with finders & thumb Increasing dexterity with age Handedness 90% of people are right handed Most infants show no preference until ~1 year Heredity key Culture/values Perception Smell & taste Babies born with good sense of smell React to pleasant/unpleasant odors in obvious ways Recognize familiar odors (e.g., mother) Babies also have good sense of taste Perception Touch & pain Babies are sensitive to touch and pain Respond reflexively to touch React strongly to painful stimuli (cry) Hearing (good at birth and develops) Best hear pitches in range of human speech Can differentiate different speech sounds 4.5 months can recognize their name Use sound to locate objects in space Perception Sight Visual acuity not as good as adults Rapidly develops (12 months = adults) Color vision develops within a few months Newborns perceive few colors Cones in visual cortex begin functioning soon • 4 months old = adults Perception Depth Can perceive depth by 5 months of age Use various cues to depth Retinal disparity Motion Sound Sensory integration Infants understand connections among sensations Self-Awareness Develops around 18 months 2 years old all kids have self-concept Touch their nose with red mark Look at photos of themselves more Declare their possessions as part of their selfconcept • “Mine!” Theory of Mind Phase 1: aware of desires causing behavior Age 2 Phase 2: can distinguish mental from physical world Age 3 Phase 3: understand beliefs cause behavior in self & others Age 4