Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download DNA
Document related concepts
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
DNA barcoding wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
DNA methylation wikipedia , lookup
Holliday junction wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
DNA sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
DNA replication wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
DNA History Structure Replication History of DNA Scientists thought protein was the heredity material Several Scientists disproved this and proved it was DNA: Griffith Worked with virulent S and nonvirulent R strain of pneumococcus bacteria Made the harmless R strain transform into S strain when it took in DNA from the killed S strain. Hershey & Chase Worked with radioactively traced bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria). Further proof that DNA was the cell’s genetic material. Radioactive 32P was injected into bacteria! Chargaff Developed the base pairing rule by comparing the amounts of A, T, C, G in the cell. Nucleotide pairing: Nucleotide Bases in Somatic Cells % Present 35.00% 30.3 30.3 30.00% 25.00% 19.5 19.9 20.00% A T 15.00% G – Adenine Thymine 10.00% C – Guanine Cytosine 5.00% 0.00% Franklin Took x-ray photographs of DNA Determined double-helix structure Watson & Crick Watson and Crick used Franklin’s x-rays, Chargraff’s rule and developed their model of the DNA molecule (for which they won a Nobel Prize). Structure of DNA Shape of DNA Double stranded, twisted helix, called a double helix Shape similar to a twisted ladder Nucleotide Monomers DNA Nucleotide is the basic unit (monomer) Made of: Sugar – Deoxyribose Phosphate group (PO4) Base – A T C G (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine) DNA Nucleotide (glue picture provided in NB) Phosphate Group O O=P-O O 5 CH2 O N C1 C4 Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C2 Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Polymer Structure Sides made of phosphate group and deoxyribose sugar Center (rungs) made of nitrogen bases bonded by hydrogen bonds (A = T and C = G) Direction of Nucleotides Each carbon in the sugar is given a number 1’ – 5’ Sides are antiparallel – one side goes 5’ to 3’ and the other 3’ to 5’ This determines the direction that it is “read” by enzymes DNA Structure (glue picture provided in NB) 5 P O 3 3 5 O 5 O C G 1 4 P 5 P 2 3 O T 3 2 1 4 5 O A 3 O 3 P 5 P P Location of DNA DNA is a large (macro) molecule, and stays in the nucleus DNA Replication S Phase of Cell Cycle DNA must be copied before the cell can divide Occurs during the synthesis (S) part of cell cycle (before mitosis). S phase G1 interphase Mitosis -prophase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase G2 Helicase enzyme DNA unwinds and unzips with help of DNA helicases These enzymes break the hydrogen bonds between base pairs. This point is called the replication fork. 5’ Parental DNA Molecule 3’ 3’ Replication Fork 5’ Polymerase Enzyme DNA polymerase moves in new nucleotides Can only add to 3’ end of nucleotide Follows the base-pairing rule Two identical DNA strands are formed 5’ Nucleotide DNA Polymerase Direction of Replication RNA Primer 3’ 5’ Proofreading enzymes Other enzymes “proofread” the replicated strand looking for errors (mutations). Incorrect nucleotides are removed and replaced
