* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Manipulating DNA extracting and studying DNA
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified crops wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified food wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 13 Selective breeding is used to produce organisms with desired traits. ◦ How could this be accomplished? Two methods used to selective breed are hybridization and inbreeding. Crossing parent organisms with different forms of a trait produces offspring that are considered hybrids (Bb). Hybridization is selecting specific traits that will give hybrid organisms a competitive edge. ◦ Ex. To be more disease resistant, produce more offspring, or to even grow faster ◦ A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is time consuming and expensive; however, often the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. What are some possible advantages? Once a desired trait has been produced, the process of inbreeding is utilized to ensure it is passed to future generations. Inbreeding- process in which 2 closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones. A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful recessive traits can also be passed on to future generations. Once a breeder observes the desired trait, the genotype must be determined. A test cross is done to determine genotype. Test cross- breeding an organism that has an unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait. ◦ How would this be helpful? What comes to mind with the phrase “genetic engineering”? Researchers use genetic engineering to manipulate DNA. Genetic engineering- manipulating DNA of one organism in order to insert exogenous DNA (DNA of another organism) Copying the Gene Sequence Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to make many copies of a desired gene. Steps to PCR 1. DNA strands are separated by heating. 2. Short pieces of DNA, called primers, are attached to the DNA strands to prepare a place for DNA polymerase to start copying. 3. These copies serve as templates for more copies. Changing DNA Recombinant DNA Technology Joining together DNA from two or more sources. This makes it possible to change the genetic composition of living organisms. DNA of one organism is extracted and cut into pieces. A piece that produces a desired protein is inserted into another organism’s DNA. The organism with the new piece of DNA produces the desired protein. Tool/Process Function Application Restriction enzymes Cut DNA strands into fragments Used to create DNA fragments with sticky ends or blunt ends that can join with other DNA fragments Gel electrophoresis Separates DNA fragments by size Used to study DNA fragments of various sizes Recombinant DNA technology Combines DNA fragment with DNA from another source Used to create recombinant DNA to be used to study individual genes and genetically engineered organisms Gene cloning Produces large numbers of identical recombinant DNA Used to create large amounts of recombinant DNA to be used in genetically engineered organisms DNA sequencing Identifies DNA sequence of cloned recombinant DNA molecules Used to identify errors in DNA sequence and to compare other genes Polymerase Chain Reaction Makes copies of regions of DNA Used to copy DNA for study and medical testing It is the use of genetic engineering to find solutions to problems. Genetically engineered organisms that have genes inserted from another organism are called transgenic organisms. ◦ Transgenic animals- mice and fruit flies used for research; livestock to improve food supply; goats to produce proteins called antithrombin III to prevent human blood from clotting during surgery ◦ Transgenic plants – to be resistant to insect and other pests ◦ Transgenic bacteria – used to make insulin, growth hormones, etc.. Some examples of GM Animals include: 1. Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone increases milk production in dairy cows. 2. Pigs modified to produce more lean meat. 3. Salmon injected with growth hormone to grow faster. 4. Chicken injected with estrogen which increases breast size. Preventing Disease ◦ Provitamin A rich Golden Rice will hopefully prevent problems caused by infant malnutrition. ◦ Transgenic plants and animals to produce human antibodies. ◦ Transgenic sheep and pigs to produce human proteins. Medical Research ◦ Transgenic animals with human immune systems for researching cures and organ growth for transplants. Safety of Transgenics • Pros of GM Foods • Careful studies of GM foods have provided no scientific support for concerns about their safety , and it does seem that foods made from GM plants are safe to eat. (At least that is what the companies marketing the products claim. The other side doesn’t have enough money or the research facilities to undergo such large scale research.) • Cons of GM Foods • GM foods are not required to undergo special safety testing before entering the market. • No additional labeling is required to identify a product as genetically modified. 1. Artificially introduced proteins may cause allergic reactions in people with allergies. 2. Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rGBH) increases udder infection causing milk to contain increased levels of pus, fat, and bacteria. Antibiotics are given to the cows and then passed to their milk and consumed by people causing antibiotic resistant bacteria to thrive. 3. rBGH causes increased production of another hormone which at high levels can cause cancer. 4. Herbicide and pesticide resistant crops are over sprayed with weed killer causing everything but the crop to die. The crops then absorb the weed killer which is passed on to the consumer who eats the crop. 5. Destruction of plant life surrounding the crops destroys the habitats of many beneficial insects and the animals that survive on the insects such as birds. 6. Seeds of genetically modified plants are unable to reseed themselves naturally so the farmer must purchase new seeds when it is time to replant. 7. GM foods have been linked to ADD, ADHD, earlier onset of puberty in females, inability to concentrate, cancer, etc. 8. The hormone estrogen is changing puberty and physical appearance of male and female adolescents. Ethics of New Biology • Just because we have the technology to modify and organism’s characteristics, are we justified in doing so? Human DNA is made up of approximately 3 billion nucleotides. The HGP wanted to identify all of those genes. Although the protein-coding regions of DNA are almost identical among individuals, the noncoding regions are very unique. DNA fingerprinting involves separating these DNA fragments to observe distinct banding patterns that are unique to individuals. A defective protein is replaced with a good one, eliminating the symptoms of the disease. Insertion of a new “healthy” gene into the organism to provide needed (usually) proteins, hormones etc. Gene is carried into the host by a viral vector (like the flu virus) that has been disabled. Can provide relief for many genetic diseases. Gene therapy research is ongoing with cystic fibrosis, gout, rickets, sickle-cell anemia, and inherited high cholesterol. Problems: immune responses to the virus,cancer