Download DNA - Gulf Coast State College

Biology Partnership
(A Teacher Quality Grant)
DNA
History, Components, Function,
Replication, & Biotechnology
Nancy Dow
Jill Hansen
Tammy Stundon
September 29, 2012
Gulf Coast State College
Panhandle Area Educational Consortium
5230 West Highway 98
753 West Boulevard
Panama City, Florida 32401
Chipley, Florida 32428
850-769-1551
877-873-7232
www.gulfcoast.edu
Pre-test
Q and A board
What is DNA?
How do we use DNA?
Does everything have the same DNA?
What is alike and what is different about it?
Florida Next Generation
Sunshine State Standards
SC.912.L.16.3 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and
how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the
genetic information.
Also Assesses
SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may
or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in
gametes may result in phenotypic changes in offspring. (will begin
today but will define phenotype until the genetics session)
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and
translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. (next
session)
SC.912.L.16.9 Explain how and why the genetic code is universal
and is common to almost all organisms
Florida Next Generation
Sunshine State Standards
Benchmark Clarifications
• Students will describe the process of DNA replication and/or its role
in the transmission and conservation of genetic information.
• Students will describe gene and chromosomal mutations in the DNA
sequence.
• Students will explain how gene and chromosomal mutations may or
may not result in a phenotypic change.
• Students will explain the basic processes of transcription and/or
• translation, and their roles in the expression of genes.
Florida Next Generation
Sunshine State Standards
Clarifications
• Students will explain that the basic components of DNA are
universal in organisms.
• Students will explain how similarities in the genetic codes of
organisms are due to common ancestry and the process of inheritance.
Content Limits Items requiring the analysis of base pairs for gene
mutations are meiosis.
• Items will not require memorization of specific conditions resulting
rom chromosomal mutations.
• Items may refer to the process of meiosis in the context of
mutations but will not assess meiosis in isolation
Florida Next Generation
Sunshine State Standards
SC.912.L.16.10 Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the
individual, society and the environment, including medical and
ethical issues.
Clarification
• Students will evaluate examples and/or explain the possible impact
of biotechnology on the individual, society, and/or the
environment.
Content Limits
• Items may assess current issues but will not require knowledge of
specific biotechnologies or specific medical issues.
• Items assessing the possible impacts of biotechnology will not
assess monetary impacts.
Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic Acids
• Functions
• Examples
What is the easiest bond
to break?
Carbon molecule needs how
many bonds to be stable?
Bell
Ringer
ATGC
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA double helixes are organized into 23 pairs of
chromosomes in every cell in your body.
This set of chromosomes is the instruction manual to
make YOU.
Each different instruction is called a gene.
The gene instructions are written in a DNA
code – the genetic code.
New coded copies are made when the DNA
double helix unzips down the middle.
We have to clearly distinguish for the
kids various terms that involve DNA
Chromatin
Chromatid
Sister Chromatid
Chromosome
DNA into Chromosomes
- I show this at least
twice (start and end) with
no volume
Human
Onion
PLANTS
Newt
ANIMALS
FUNGI
Fruit fly
DNA HELPS TO SHOW
EVOLUTIONARY
RELATIONSHIPS OF
ORGANISMS
PROTISTS
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
Amoeba
Dr. Watson's Funny Story
Watson and Crick, on the right
determined in the 1950’s that DNA
was a “Double Helix’ that was
twisted. Watson later led the work on
the human genome project.
• Watson and Crick’s discovery built on the work of Rosalind
Franklin and Erwin Chargaff.
– Franklin’s x-ray images suggested that DNA was a
double helix of even width.
– Chargaff’s rules stated that A=T and C=G.
FROM GENOME TO GENE
GENOME
An organism’s complete set of
DNA. In eukaryotes, this
information can be found in the
nucleus of virtually every cell.
Eukaryotic cell
Nucleus
CHROMOSOME
One or more unique pieces of
DNA—circular in prokaryotes,
linear in eukaryotes—that
together make up an organism's
genome. Chromosomes vary in
length and can consist of
hundreds of millions of base
pairs.
Humans have 23 unique
chromosomes and we have
two copies of each: one from
our mother and one from our
father, for a total of 46).
Protein production
Protein
GENE
A specific sequence of DNA,
on average about 3,000 bases
long, that contains the
information necessary to
produce all or part of a protein
molecule.
DNA structure
• DNA is made up of nucleotides
• Nucleotides are made up of:
– Phosphate
– Sugar
– Nitrogenous base – the base can vary
4 Nitrogenous bases
Found in DNA
-Adenine (A)
-Thymine (T)
-Cytosine (C)
-Guanine (G)
Every 3 bases = a code = amino acid!
Every living thing has the SAME 4 bases!
• The nitrogen containing bases are the only difference in
the four nucleotides.
DNA structure
Complementary Base Pairing (Base Pair Rule)
• The two strands are
connected by hydrogen
bonds between the
nitrogen bases
• Nitrogen bases combine in
a particular way
-A combines with T
-G combines with C
DNA structure
Note: chromatids vs sister chromatids
• DNA is
double
stranded.
• The two
chains or
strands of
nucleotides
twist around
one another.
Put to test what you have learned!
CANDY DNA
DNA Origami
What happens to DNA ?
The DNA inside the nucleus controls the production
of proteins.
Where does protein synthesis occur?
- ribosomes in cytoplasm and rough ER
How does information from the nucleus get into
the cytoplasm so that protein synthesis can
occur?
- RNA
What happens to DNA ?
DNA
(replication- once in every cell cycle)
 DNA 
(TRANSCRIPTION)
RNA 
(TRANSLATION)
 Proteins
What happens to DNA ?
DNA replication-- DNA duplicates itself
during interphase of cell cycle
- S stage of Interphase (in nucleus)
- Chromatin  Chromatids  replication
strands (sister chromatids)
- “normal functions” of the cell stop
- Steps of cell division follow
(More info in a session this fall)
transcription & translation – Steps of
protein synthesis (next session!)
DNA Replication
• DNA molecule uncoils and
unzips (DNA Polymerase)
– Nucleotides are fit into place on
each of the parent strand
– Corrects base pair errors too
• Each parent strand is a
template to form a
complementary strand
• Each THREE base pairs is the
DNA’s Code
DNA Replication
DNA Replication Yield:
– 2 double stranded DNA
molecules identical to
each other
– Half of each double
helix is new (daughter
strand) and half is the
original (parent strand)
DNA Replication
DNA replication
Mistakes. . . . .
• Parent strands act as templates, so mistakes
during replication are minimized
• Each cell has repair enzymes that repair the
damage
• An error that persists is a mutation
Mistakes. . . . .OOOPS!
. . . .estimated that one error is made for
2x109 nucleotides
every
DNA replication
BUT. . .
Human cells contains 46 chromosomes
consisting of 3 billion base pairs
. . . . .that averages to five errors per cell!!!!
Damage to the DNA
code can cause
changes to protein
production
TYPES OF MUTATIONS
Normal
DNA
mRNA
Normal
protein
BASE-PAIR
SUBSTITUTION
Normal chromosome
Gene 1
POINT MUTATIONS
DNA
mRNA
Mutated
protein
BASE-PAIR
INSERTION
DNA
mRNA
Mutated
protein
BASE-PAIR
DELETION
DNA
mRNA
Mutated
protein
Insertions and deletions can be much
more harmful than substitutions because
they can alter the reading frame for the
rest of the gene.
Some mutations are harmless, some beneficial, others are
neutral, others can be detrimental or fatal to the organism.
GENE
DELETION
Gene 2
Gene 3
CHROMOSOMAL
ABERRATIONS
Gene 1
GENE
RELOCATION
Gene 2
Gene 3
DELETED
Gene 2
Gene 3
Gene 1 RELOCATED
to a different chromosome
GENE
DUPLICATION
Gene 1
DUPLICATED

Gene 2
Gene 3
In point mutations, one base pair is
changed, whereas in chromosomal
aberrations, entire sections of a
chromosome are altered.
Mutations on DNA can be the result of
various causes (UV rays, radiation,
chemicals like nicotine) or can be
spontaneous.
DNA Extraction
The DNA
precipitate!
or coffee filter
When DNA is
a detective ...
An
introduction
into
biotechnology
… will go into
more detail
over various
techniques in
future sessions
Biotechnology
• Genetic engineering
– def: use of technology to alter the
genes of viruses, bacteria, and other
cells for medical or industrial
purposes to better the quality of life
– Altering genes of unicellular
organisms and plants and animals
Genetic engineering? A firefly gene inserted into other organisms.
TOBACCO PLANT
MICE
MUSHROOMS
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Technology
Combination of genes from 2 different organisms
Ex. Human
genes can
be spliced
into the
DNA of
bacteria to
produce
insulin
More rDNA:
Manipulating the DNA of bacteria
• bacteria that eat oil are engineered to do
better
• recombinant bacteria used to extract
copper, uranium, gold from low-grade
sources
• recombinant bacteria used to extract
sulfur from coal before it is burned
DNA fingerprinting
• DNA extracted from blood and sperm can be
cut by restriction enzymes
– enzyme cuts at a particular base sequence
– since everyone’s DNA is different, different lengths
of DNA are created when you use the same
restriction enzyme on different DNA
Person 1: ACTGTGTGTATGGGATGTGACACACTTCC
TCACTGTCATACCCTACACTGTGTGAAGG
Person 2: ACTGTGTGATGTGACACACTACGGGTTCC
TCACTGTCTACACTGTGTGATGCCCAAGG
Manipulating the DNA
Bt CORN
Bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis)
Bt crystal gene
Plant cell
1
Corn plant destroyed
by insect pests
Corn genome
2 Bacterial gene coding for Bt
crystals, which are poisonous to
the insect pests, is inserted
directly into the corn plant’s DNA.
3 Bt crystals—toxic to insect pests—
are now produced by the corn plant
itself, reducing the amount of
pesticides the farmer must use.
Manipulating
the DNA
Almost 10% of the
world’s people suffer
from vitamin A
deficiencies—leading
to 250,00 cases of
blindness each year.
The addition of betacarotene-producing
genes to white rice
has increased its
vitamin A content
almost 25-fold.
GOLDEN RICE
Genes in the pathway for
beta-carotene production
are introduced into the
white rice genome.
Daffodil
Bacteria
White rice
Beta-carotene
Golden rice
Manipulating the DNA
GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES
Corn
Cotton
55%
45%
Soybeans
24%
76%
15%
85%
Proportion of crops that are not genetically modified
Proportion of crops that are genetically modified
Commonly called GM Foods
Other types/examples of
Biotechnology
rDNA of animals
Cloning - produce a copy of a gene
Organ Transplant - across species
Gene Therapy – insert a missing piece of
DNA to cure a person of a disease.
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT & DVD
Caught by a Kiss!
Forensic Science!
Ready to use what you know in the ‘real world’?
Dr. Watson explaining base pairing
National DNA teaching Day
DNA interactive
DDC Education Center
 Family portrait interactive
 Beaded DNA bracelet
 Origami DNA double Helix
The Double Helix Game
Mission Biotech virtual gaming
Pompe Disease
Follow up
•Q & A
•Post Test