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Ms. Mezzetti Lynn English High School Describe the basic structure (double helix, sugar/phosphate backbone, linked by complementary nucleotide pairs) of DNA, and describe its function in genetic inheritance. What is DNA: http://www.statedclearly.com/what-is-dna/ DNA is a long polymer made up of many smaller units called nucleotides A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar and nitrogenous base DNA contains 4 nitrogenous bases DNA stores the genetic code which carries the instructions for making proteins and inheritance 3.2 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic code. Transcription takes place in the nucleus; transcribes message from DNA Translation takes place at the ribosome in the cytoplasm; translates mRNA to tRNA to amino acid Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not result in phenotypic change in an organism. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in offspring. Distinguish among observed inheritance patterns caused by several types of genetic traits (dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles). DOMINANT/RECESSIVE CODOMINANT INCOMPLETE Traits that are controlled by more than one gene. In humans height, weight and skin color are polygenic. Blood type is an example of multiple alleles: ABO codominance: AB blood Usually passed on by the mother who is a carrier; usually affects males • Cross 2 homozygous dominant or 2 recessive and the offspring will be the same as the parents. • Cross 2 heterozygous parents and the probability is a 3-1 ratio for the dominant trait to be expressed. The probability for genotype is a 1:2:1 ratio