Download Manipulating DNA extracting and studying DNA

Genetic
Engineering
Changing the Living
World
Homework – 13-1 and
Guided reading
workbook
Selective Breeding
• Humans use selective breeding
to pass desired traits on to the
next generation of organisms
• Hybridization – The crossing of
dissimilar individuals to bring
together the best of both
organisms.
– Luther Burbank and his amazing
Burbank potato.
• Inbreeding is the continued
breeding of individuals with
similar characteristics.
Increasing Variation
• Mutations can be
induced to help create
variation in organisms.
• Polyploidy plants have
an extra chromosome.
Manipulating DNA
• Genetic Engineering
is the process of
reading and changing
DNA sequences in an
organism.
• Reading the Genetic
Code
– DNA extraction
– Cutting and Labeling
DNA
– Separating DNA
– Reading the DNA
sequence
– Making Copies (PCR –
polymerase chain
reaction)
Manipulating DNA
• Genetic Engineering
is the process of
reading and changing
DNA sequences in an
organism.
• Reading the Genetic
Code
– DNA extraction
– Cutting and
Labeling DNA
– Separating DNA
– Reading the DNA
sequence
– Making Copies (PCR –
polymerase chain
reaction)
Manipulating DNA
• Genetic Engineering
is the process of
reading and changing
DNA sequences in an
organism.
• Reading the Genetic
Code
– DNA extraction
– Cutting and
Labeling DNA
– Separating DNA
– Reading the DNA
sequence
– Making Copies (PCR –
polymerase chain
reaction)
Manipulating DNA
• Genetic Engineering
is the process of
reading and changing
DNA sequences in an
organism.
• Reading the Genetic
Code
– DNA extraction
– Cutting and Labeling
DNA
– Separating DNA
– Reading the DNA
sequence
– Making Copies (PCR –
polymerase chain
reaction)
PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Making copies to work with.
Uses of Gel Electrophoresis
• DNA Fingerprinting
• An individual's DNA is as distinctive as a fingerprint. This technique
was used to assist in determining O.J. Simpson's life. DNA samples
can be obtained from the trace amounts of blood or sperm. These
DNA samples can be separated using gel electrophoresis. The
number and position of bands formed on each lane of gel is the
actual genetic "fingerprint" of that DNA sample. The characteristics
of certain segments of DNA vary from person to person and form a
highly individual, detectable "genetic fingerprint." Developed only in
the mid-1980s, genetic fingerprinting has rapidly become a widely
used courtroom tool. In 1988 the first person in the United States
was executed based on DNA technology.
• The Human Genome Project
• The most ambitious research project made possible by DNA
technology is the effort to map the entire human genome.
DNA Fingerprinting
Cell Transformation
• Homework 13-3
• Also,
• Practice Gel
Electrophoresis
• And
• Find the Culprit
• Go to this website to perform
your gel electrophoresis
• http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/un
its/biotech/gel/
• Once you understand the
process, use your DNA
detective skills to help solve a
mystery.
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/
sheppard/analyze.html
• Or google NOVA DNA
Fingerprint
– NOVA Online | Killer's Trail |
Create a DNA Fingerprint
Perform your own
Gel Electrophoresis
• Go to this website to perform your gel
electrophoresis
• http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/gel/
• Once you understand the process, use your
DNA detective skills to help solve a mystery.
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze
.html
• Or google NOVA DNA Fingerprint
– NOVA Online | Killer's Trail | Create a DNA
Fingerprint
Vocab
• Plasmid - circular DNA molecule found in
bacteria
• genetic marker - gene that makes it possible to
distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with
foreign DNA from those that don’t
• Recombinant DNA – DNA that has been created
artificially. DNA from two or more sources is
incorporated into a single recombinant molecule.
Transforming Bacteria
Transforming Plants
Transforming Animal Cells
• Can be
transformed
similar to plants.
• Some eggs are
large enough to
physically inject
new DNA by
hand. Which
can “Knock Out”
a gene
Homework
• Find two transgenic organism on the
internet.
– Type up a summary about the organisms
– What are they?
– How are they made?
– How are they useful? Or Why were they
created?
• Answer the big question on “Dolly”
– Why was she so special?
Homework (13-2 and 13-3)
1. How is genetic engineering like computer
programming?
2. How does gel electrophoresis work?
3. What is transformation?
4. How can you tell if a transformation
experiment has been successful?
5. Compare the transformation of a
prokaryotic cell with the transformation of
a eukaryotic cell.
Transgenic Organisms
• term used to refer to an organism that
contains genes from other organisms
Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic
Bacteria
Transgenic
Plants
Transgenic
animals
Produce
clotting factors
insulin
HGH
Stronger plants More
production
More
production
Pest resistance
Cloning
• member of a population of genetically
identical organisms produced from a
single cell
“Dolly”
• “Dolly” was an important
break through not just
because she was a
mammal.
• Frogs were cloned back
in 1950’s
• Why was dolly so
special?
– Research and answer this
question for me.
The Human Genome
Chapter 14
Human Heredity
• polygenic trait - trait controlled by two or more
genes
• Pedigree - chart that shows the relationships
within a family
• Autosome - autosomal chromosome;
chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
• sex chromosome - one of two chromosomes
that determine an individual's sex; females have
two X chromosomes; males have one X
chromosome and one Y chromosome
• Karyotype - set of photographs of
chromosomes grouped in order in pairs
Karyotype
• Making a
Karyotype
– Photograph
chromosom
es during
mitosis
– Cut
chromosom
es out of
photograph
– Group them
in order, in
pairs
– Male 46XY
– Female
46XX
Determining Sex
• All egg cells carry a
single X chromosome
(23X). However, half of
all sperm cells carry an
X chromosome (23X)
and half carry a Y
chromosome (23Y).
This ensures that just
about half of the
zygotes will be 46XX
and half will be 46XY.
Human Genes
Blood Group Genes
• Rh+ and Rh- (Rhesus factor)
Autosomal Disorders
• Genes for these disorders are located on
autosomes
– Recessive disorder
– Dominant disorders
– Codominant disorders
Gene to Molecule
• In both cystic fibrosis and sickle cell
disease, a small change in the DNA of a
single gene affects the structure of a
protein, causing a serious genetic
disorder.
• PKU is the actual lack of a certain enzyme
that breaks down the amino acid
phenylalanine.
Cystic Fibrosis
Human Genome
• Chromosomes 21 and 22 are the smallest
human autosomes.
• Chromosome 22 contains approximately 43
million DNA bases.
– 22 contains as many as 545 different genes
– includes an allele that causes a form of leukemia
• Chromosome 21 contains roughly 32 million
bases.
– 225 genes, including one associated with ALS
Homework
•
•
•
•
14-3 Studyguide
Test Friday chapters 13 and 14
Review next class
Extra Help Wednesday 7:15AM
Sex-Linked Genes
• Males have just
one X
chromosome.
Thus, all X-linked
alleles are
expressed in
males, even if
they are
recessive.
Sex-Linked Disorders
• Colorblindness
• Hemophelia
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
X-Chromosome Inactivation
• Females have two X chromosomes, but
males have only one.
– Females can inactivate parts of an X
chromosome and use the same genetic
information from the corresponding
chromosome
– Spotted Cats
– Barr Bodies
Chromosomal Disorders
• Nondisjunction error in meiosis in
which
homologous
chromosomes fail
to separate
Down Syndrome
• Trisomy 21
• United States, approximately 1 baby in
800 is born with Down syndrome
• mild to severe mental retardation. It is also
characterized by an increased
susceptibility to many diseases
Sex-Chromosome Disorders
• Turner’s syndrome (X-)
– Women with Turner’s syndrome are sterile
because their sex organs do not develop at
puberty
• Klinefelter’s syndrome - Males (XXY;
XXXY…)
– Unable to reproduce
– What if there was just a Y chromosome?
Human Genome Project
• The Human Genome
Project is an attempt to
sequence all human DNA.