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Chapter 4 Consciousness Biological Rhythms Biological changes that occur on a near24 hour cycle. “Circadian Rhythms” Disruptions in circadian rhythms Jet Lag Shift work Melatonin – a hormone which can help alleviate disrupted circadian rhythms and help people to sleep. The Brain and Sleep there are various brain areas and several neurotransmitters that control the sleep-wake cycle There is no single “Morpheus” area of the brain responsible for sleep. prescription drugs for insomnia? They are usually barbiturates or tranquilizers. They decrease REM and Stage 4 sleep. There is a danger of developing psychological or physical dependency on them. Sleep Stages Stages 3 and 4 decrease, while REM sleep increases during the night. Cycles occur about every 90 minutes The most vivid dreams occur during REM sleep. (“Paradoxical Sleep”) Sleep replenishes what was depleted during daytime activities. Sleep Apnea It is characterized by periods of more than 10 seconds without breathing It is accompanied by repeated awakenings, gasping for breath, and daytime sleepiness It is a suspected factor in SIDS, snoring, high blood pressure, and heart damage The suspected cause of sleep apnea is an upper airway blockage or a brain failure to signal the diaphragm Dreams according to Freud Freud believed that dreams were the "royal road to the unconscious.“ “Wish Fulfillment” – dreams are disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties. Dreams allow forbidden or unacceptable impulses to rise to the surface of consciousness. Freud's ideas about how and why dreams happen have received little or no scientific support Psychoanalytic (Sigmund Freud) Manifest Content – the actual, literal dream story. Latent Content – the underlying (true) meaning of the dream story. Biological View of Dreams Activation-synthesis theory of dreaming – J.A. Hobson & R.W. McCarley (1977) Dreams are the by-product of random stimulation of brain cells, and that the brain attempts to combine this stimulation into a coherent pattern When certain cells in the brain stem are randomly stimulated, the rational Cerebral cortex attempts to “synthesize” a story in order to make sense out of the random stimulation. The Cognitive View The Information Processing approach to dreaming. Dreams help us sift through and sort out our everyday experiences. If you’re worried about an upcoming test, you might dream about school. Psychoactive Drugs Changes in body processes that make a drug necessary for minimum daily functioning Craving or mental desire for the effects of a drug Dependence & Addiction Psychological dependence can be strong enough to cause an "addict" to return to drug use after physical dependence has been overcome. Depressants Depress the Central Nervous System causing relaxation, drowsiness or even unconsciousness Alcohol – (the most dangerous of the Psychoactive drugs according to the AMA) Barbiturates Anti-anxiety drugs (Valium, Seconal etc.) Alcohol Facts 50 percent of all murders, suicides, spousal abuse, and accidental deaths involve alcohol. Fifty percent of all highway fatalities involve alcohol. Alcohol is the third leading cause of birth defects. Teens are one of the largest groups of alcohol abusers, but usually deny they have a problem. Acts as a stimulant in very low doses, but is classified as a depressant Considered the most dangerous & physically damaging of all psychoactive drugs by the AMA Mixed with other depressant drugs, it can cause death. Stimulants Stimulants act on the Central Nervous System to increase overall activity. Nicotine – Increases the chances of acquiring lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, and heart disease. Doubles the risk of heart attack in nonsmokers who are regularly exposed to passive smoke. stimulates the same brain areas as cocaine, and is addictive. Cocaine – highly addicting stimulant – smoked, snorted, injected Amphetamine (Methamphetamine) – An ever increasing problem in Mid-Western States Hallucinogens LSD - can be extremely dangerous, leading to accidents, death, suicide & flashbacks which can occur long after use of the drug has ceased. Mescaline – derived from the peyote cactus Psilocybin – hallucinogenic mushrooms Marijuana - can impair memory and learning, impair lung functioning and the immune response, and decrease testosterone levels and reduce sperm Narcotics Opiates- Derived from the Opium poppy. Sometimes used Medically, to relieve pain. Seldom habit-forming when administered medically. Opium Heroin Morphine Codeine Cross-Cultural Altered States In a 1973 survey of 488 societies, Bourguignon found that 90% practice institutionally-recognized methods of altering consciousness. Practices included the use of drugs, fasting, dancing & chanting.