Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... oscillations decreases. Spindle activity is highest during stage 2 NREM sleep, increases over consecutive NREM – REM sleep cycles, and is reduced after sleep deprivation. Sleep spindle is one of the characteristic transient EEG phenomena. It is easy to recognize, useful for the classification of NR ...
... oscillations decreases. Spindle activity is highest during stage 2 NREM sleep, increases over consecutive NREM – REM sleep cycles, and is reduced after sleep deprivation. Sleep spindle is one of the characteristic transient EEG phenomena. It is easy to recognize, useful for the classification of NR ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before and the day after TSOI injection (see Fig. 2C). First, we smoothed the ...
... absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before and the day after TSOI injection (see Fig. 2C). First, we smoothed the ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... applied into the medulla and EMG changes were measured by stimulus-triggered averaging. Rectified and digitized EMGs were collected on a computer and averaged over a 500-ms period, from 100 ms before the stimulation to 100 ms after it, with a bin width of 100 s. The latency of medullary stimulation ...
... applied into the medulla and EMG changes were measured by stimulus-triggered averaging. Rectified and digitized EMGs were collected on a computer and averaged over a 500-ms period, from 100 ms before the stimulation to 100 ms after it, with a bin width of 100 s. The latency of medullary stimulation ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... (EEG). Increased respiration and heart rate were associated with this electrophysiologically identified state. Additionally, the subjects reported vivid dreams, ...
... (EEG). Increased respiration and heart rate were associated with this electrophysiologically identified state. Additionally, the subjects reported vivid dreams, ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... impaired c-fos activation response to enforced wakefulness in both noradrenergic locus ceruleus and dopaminergic ventral periaqueductal gray wake neurons. In contrast, cholinergic, histaminergic, orexinergic, and serotonergic wake neurons appeared unperturbed. Six month exposure to hypoxia/reoxygena ...
... impaired c-fos activation response to enforced wakefulness in both noradrenergic locus ceruleus and dopaminergic ventral periaqueductal gray wake neurons. In contrast, cholinergic, histaminergic, orexinergic, and serotonergic wake neurons appeared unperturbed. Six month exposure to hypoxia/reoxygena ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... and to reduce REM sleep percentage in vivo (43). Experimentally administered 5-HT has also been shown to suppress specific physiologic signs of REM. For example, 5HT has been shown to counteract the REM-like carbacholinduced atonia of hypoglossal motor neurons (44). Microinjection of the 5-HT agonis ...
... and to reduce REM sleep percentage in vivo (43). Experimentally administered 5-HT has also been shown to suppress specific physiologic signs of REM. For example, 5HT has been shown to counteract the REM-like carbacholinduced atonia of hypoglossal motor neurons (44). Microinjection of the 5-HT agonis ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... wakefulness coupled to a generalized postural muscle atonia (Iber, Ancoli-Israel et al. 2007; Kryger, Roth et al. 2011). This paradox of a sleep stage for which brain and ocular activity are similar to wake led Michel Jouvet to designate REM sleep as paradoxical sleep (Jouvet 1992). REM and NREM sle ...
... wakefulness coupled to a generalized postural muscle atonia (Iber, Ancoli-Israel et al. 2007; Kryger, Roth et al. 2011). This paradox of a sleep stage for which brain and ocular activity are similar to wake led Michel Jouvet to designate REM sleep as paradoxical sleep (Jouvet 1992). REM and NREM sle ...
Pharynx
... 3- Difficulty in breathing: Any pharyngeal infection is likely to impede the airway leading to stridor e.g. retropharyngeal abscess and Ludwig's angina. 4- Speech problems: Paralysis of the soft palate can lead to abnormal speech called rhinolalia aperta (hypernasalily). This is in contrary to rhino ...
... 3- Difficulty in breathing: Any pharyngeal infection is likely to impede the airway leading to stridor e.g. retropharyngeal abscess and Ludwig's angina. 4- Speech problems: Paralysis of the soft palate can lead to abnormal speech called rhinolalia aperta (hypernasalily). This is in contrary to rhino ...
Pharyngobasilar Fascia
... 3- Difficulty in breathing: Any pharyngeal infection is likely to impede the airway leading to stridor e.g. retropharyngeal abscess and Ludwig's angina. 4- Speech problems: Paralysis of the soft palate can lead to abnormal speech called rhinolalia aperta (hypernasalily). This is in contrary to rhino ...
... 3- Difficulty in breathing: Any pharyngeal infection is likely to impede the airway leading to stridor e.g. retropharyngeal abscess and Ludwig's angina. 4- Speech problems: Paralysis of the soft palate can lead to abnormal speech called rhinolalia aperta (hypernasalily). This is in contrary to rhino ...
lecture16-pulm
... distributed around the lungs? Where does the blood go? Where does the interstitial fluid go? What factors affect the regulation of blood flow? ...
... distributed around the lungs? Where does the blood go? Where does the interstitial fluid go? What factors affect the regulation of blood flow? ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.35-37 A key contribution in the etiology of narcolepsy was provided by several studies linking the hypocretin/orexin system to this disease. First, two different animal models with an impaired hypocretin/orexin system—genetic narcoleptic dogs with a mutation in th ...
... hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.35-37 A key contribution in the etiology of narcolepsy was provided by several studies linking the hypocretin/orexin system to this disease. First, two different animal models with an impaired hypocretin/orexin system—genetic narcoleptic dogs with a mutation in th ...
A Critical Period of Sleep for Development of Courtship Circuitry and
... behavior critical for species propagation and suggest that rapidly growing regions of the brain are most susceptible to sleep perturbations early in life. he ontogenetic hypothesis of sleep, proposed nearly 50 years ago, postulates that early developmental sleep is important for brain patterning (1) ...
... behavior critical for species propagation and suggest that rapidly growing regions of the brain are most susceptible to sleep perturbations early in life. he ontogenetic hypothesis of sleep, proposed nearly 50 years ago, postulates that early developmental sleep is important for brain patterning (1) ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
... Sprague Dawley rats (Shiromani et al., 2000), and this duration was also observed in the saline-treated rats in the present study (Table 2). In addition to these electrophysiological criteria, a behavioral determination of a SOREM P was made when the videotape showed that the rat was lying down, had ...
... Sprague Dawley rats (Shiromani et al., 2000), and this duration was also observed in the saline-treated rats in the present study (Table 2). In addition to these electrophysiological criteria, a behavioral determination of a SOREM P was made when the videotape showed that the rat was lying down, had ...
Chapter 19: Brain Rhythms and Sleep
... Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
... Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint
... with a too long node of Ranvier, which may hinder the progression of the action potential. The time seems ripe to abandon a vision of myelin based on a metaphor and accept a new epistemological paradigm more consistent with the observational data, and less theory laden. (i) chronically demyelinated ...
... with a too long node of Ranvier, which may hinder the progression of the action potential. The time seems ripe to abandon a vision of myelin based on a metaphor and accept a new epistemological paradigm more consistent with the observational data, and less theory laden. (i) chronically demyelinated ...
01 Mills
... maintained at abnormal values for several days, CSF pH is restored to normal by changes in CSF bicarbonate. Sleep affects the changes which would normally be produced by the action of the chemoreceptors on the medulla, allowing PaCO2 to rise by 0.15–0.3 kPa in non-REM sleep and increasing the apnoei ...
... maintained at abnormal values for several days, CSF pH is restored to normal by changes in CSF bicarbonate. Sleep affects the changes which would normally be produced by the action of the chemoreceptors on the medulla, allowing PaCO2 to rise by 0.15–0.3 kPa in non-REM sleep and increasing the apnoei ...
Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation induces an increase in
... pons) and in brain regions receiving a cholinergic input (medulla oblongata, thalamus) from pontine cholinergic neurons (1,11). The lack of change in enzyme activity in the striatum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex suggests that the other cholinergic nuclei which innervate these brain regions (1,11) ...
... pons) and in brain regions receiving a cholinergic input (medulla oblongata, thalamus) from pontine cholinergic neurons (1,11). The lack of change in enzyme activity in the striatum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex suggests that the other cholinergic nuclei which innervate these brain regions (1,11) ...
Conscious Modulation in Normal Sleep
... Nevertheless, the mental activity during Non-REM sleep is quite different, more linear and fragmented, like an obsessive way of thinking. An interesting study shows us that some of this activity could be explained by the concept of modular cortex. They are anatomical and functional patches of active ...
... Nevertheless, the mental activity during Non-REM sleep is quite different, more linear and fragmented, like an obsessive way of thinking. An interesting study shows us that some of this activity could be explained by the concept of modular cortex. They are anatomical and functional patches of active ...
Ictal SPECT in patients with rapid eye movement
... behaviour disorder develop neurodegenerative disorders within 10–15 years after symptom onset. The disorder is reported in 45– 60% of all narcoleptic patients. Whether rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder is also a predictor for neurodegeneration in narcolepsy is not known. Although the patho ...
... behaviour disorder develop neurodegenerative disorders within 10–15 years after symptom onset. The disorder is reported in 45– 60% of all narcoleptic patients. Whether rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder is also a predictor for neurodegeneration in narcolepsy is not known. Although the patho ...
"Sleep and Memory". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS)
... Figure 2 Potential roles of sleep in synaptic and systems consolidation. (a) Representative changes in release of acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA) in the cortex (relative to waking) during REM and NREM sleep. Representative EEG traces for the two sleep states show cortical activity similar ...
... Figure 2 Potential roles of sleep in synaptic and systems consolidation. (a) Representative changes in release of acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA) in the cortex (relative to waking) during REM and NREM sleep. Representative EEG traces for the two sleep states show cortical activity similar ...
Sleep Spindles as Facilitators of Memory Formation and Learning
... density and recall performance was not ubiquitous as it applied to verbal learning and visuospatial memory but not to a facial recognition test [14, 15]. Spindles occur during various stages of non-REM sleep and can be associated with slow oscillations during slow-wave sleep. In a visual learning ta ...
... density and recall performance was not ubiquitous as it applied to verbal learning and visuospatial memory but not to a facial recognition test [14, 15]. Spindles occur during various stages of non-REM sleep and can be associated with slow oscillations during slow-wave sleep. In a visual learning ta ...
The contribution of sleep to hippocampus
... Changes in non-REM sleep stage 2 are probably also relevant. Intensive learning of declarative visuospatial and verbal tasks and of simple motor skills were all associated with increased time in sleep stage 2 or spindle density (or both) during this sleep stage [8,41–43]. Moreover, improvement in pe ...
... Changes in non-REM sleep stage 2 are probably also relevant. Intensive learning of declarative visuospatial and verbal tasks and of simple motor skills were all associated with increased time in sleep stage 2 or spindle density (or both) during this sleep stage [8,41–43]. Moreover, improvement in pe ...
Sleep and metabolism: Role of hypothalamic
... increase hunger and appetite.19,20 This is illustrated most profoundly in cross-sectional and prospective epidemiologic studies that indicate there is a strong dose-dependent effect of sleep reduction on the incidence of diabetes and obesity.19,21 One limitation of many human epidemiologic studies i ...
... increase hunger and appetite.19,20 This is illustrated most profoundly in cross-sectional and prospective epidemiologic studies that indicate there is a strong dose-dependent effect of sleep reduction on the incidence of diabetes and obesity.19,21 One limitation of many human epidemiologic studies i ...
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... the alternative state. This flip-flop circuit model might explain why wake–sleep transitions are often relatively abrupt (one ‘falls’ asleep and suddenly wakens), and both humans and animals spend only a small part of each day (typically 1–2%) in transitional states (Fig. 4). There are obvious adap ...
... the alternative state. This flip-flop circuit model might explain why wake–sleep transitions are often relatively abrupt (one ‘falls’ asleep and suddenly wakens), and both humans and animals spend only a small part of each day (typically 1–2%) in transitional states (Fig. 4). There are obvious adap ...
The Adenosine Story Goes Ionic: CaV2.1
... channels are thus particularly favorable candidates to contribute to adenosine’s promotion of sleep. However, testing an ion channel’s involvement in adenosinergic regulation of synaptic transmission in the intact brain is tricky, since, if modified, network excitability and hence release of neurotr ...
... channels are thus particularly favorable candidates to contribute to adenosine’s promotion of sleep. However, testing an ion channel’s involvement in adenosinergic regulation of synaptic transmission in the intact brain is tricky, since, if modified, network excitability and hence release of neurotr ...
Obstructive sleep apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (or apnoea) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by obstruction of the upper airway. It is characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep, despite the effort to breathe, and is usually associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation. These pauses in breathing, called ""apneas"" (literally, ""without breath""), typically last 20 to 40 seconds.The individual with OSA is rarely aware of having difficulty breathing, even upon awakening. It is recognized as a problem by others witnessing the individual during episodes or is suspected because of its effects on the body (sequelae). OSA is commonly accompanied with snoring. Some use the term obstructive sleep apnea syndrome to refer to OSA which is associated with symptoms during the daytime. Symptoms may be present for years or even decades without identification, during which time the individual may become conditioned to the daytime sleepiness and fatigue associated with significant levels of sleep disturbance. Individuals who generally sleep alone are often unaware of the condition, without a regular bed-partner to notice and make them aware of their symptoms.As the muscle tone of the body ordinarily relaxes during sleep, and the airway at the throat is composed of walls of soft tissue, which can collapse, it is not surprising that breathing can be obstructed during sleep. Although a very minor degree of OSA is considered to be within the bounds of normal sleep, and many individuals experience episodes of OSA at some point in life, a small percentage of people have chronic, severe OSA.Many people experience episodes of OSA for only a short period. This can be the result of an upper respiratory infection that causes nasal congestion, along with swelling of the throat, or tonsillitis that temporarily produces very enlarged tonsils. The Epstein-Barr virus, for example, is known to be able to dramatically increase the size of lymphoid tissue during acute infection, and OSA is fairly common in acute cases of severe infectious mononucleosis. Temporary spells of OSA syndrome may also occur in individuals who are under the influence of a drug (such as alcohol) that may relax their body tone excessively and interfere with normal arousal from sleep mechanisms.