Pulmonary Ventilation: Inspiration and Expiration
... compliance is determined largely by two factors: (1) distensibility of the lung tissue, and (2) alveolar surface tension. Because lung distensibility is generally high and alveolar surface tension is kept low by surfactant, the lungs of healthy people tend to have high compliance, which favors effic ...
... compliance is determined largely by two factors: (1) distensibility of the lung tissue, and (2) alveolar surface tension. Because lung distensibility is generally high and alveolar surface tension is kept low by surfactant, the lungs of healthy people tend to have high compliance, which favors effic ...
Control of Wake and Sleep States
... pro-optic nucleus GABA neurons that inhibit the wake-promoting neurons of ARAS. Circadian influences are mediated by direct retinal and indirect SCN projections to GABA-ergic sleep-promoting neurons in VLPO and other regions of pre-optic area and BF. Once sleep is induced, the silence of cortically- ...
... pro-optic nucleus GABA neurons that inhibit the wake-promoting neurons of ARAS. Circadian influences are mediated by direct retinal and indirect SCN projections to GABA-ergic sleep-promoting neurons in VLPO and other regions of pre-optic area and BF. Once sleep is induced, the silence of cortically- ...
Sleep imaging and the neuro- psychological assessment of dreams
... fMRI data show that this assumption holds for the auditory system: sounds presented during non REM sleep are associated with regionally-specific responses broadly similar to those observed during wakefulness [7]. It is most probably true also for the other brain systems and during REM sleep. Dream f ...
... fMRI data show that this assumption holds for the auditory system: sounds presented during non REM sleep are associated with regionally-specific responses broadly similar to those observed during wakefulness [7]. It is most probably true also for the other brain systems and during REM sleep. Dream f ...
The State of the Art of Respiratory Control
... Cardiac physiologists have it relatively easy. They can remove a heart from a frog or other such specimen and it continues to contract rhythmically, albeit slightly faster than in vivo with the absence of parasympathetic vagal efferents. The approximately 1% of cardiac cells that have intrinsic pace ...
... Cardiac physiologists have it relatively easy. They can remove a heart from a frog or other such specimen and it continues to contract rhythmically, albeit slightly faster than in vivo with the absence of parasympathetic vagal efferents. The approximately 1% of cardiac cells that have intrinsic pace ...
No Slide Title
... • The activity of the upper airway muscles (nose, pharynx and larynx) also decreases during sleep. • The negative pressure during inspiration is normally counterbalanced by activity of the upper airway muscles that function to keep the upper airway open. • Inspiration tends to collapse the upper air ...
... • The activity of the upper airway muscles (nose, pharynx and larynx) also decreases during sleep. • The negative pressure during inspiration is normally counterbalanced by activity of the upper airway muscles that function to keep the upper airway open. • Inspiration tends to collapse the upper air ...
Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep
... have an autoreceptor (Horvath et al. 1999a), and we reasoned that the neurotoxin would lesion these neurons. We found that when the neurotoxin was administered to the LH, the hypocretin-immunoreactive neurons were lesioned and the rats had sleep fragmentation, excessive sleepiness, increase in REM s ...
... have an autoreceptor (Horvath et al. 1999a), and we reasoned that the neurotoxin would lesion these neurons. We found that when the neurotoxin was administered to the LH, the hypocretin-immunoreactive neurons were lesioned and the rats had sleep fragmentation, excessive sleepiness, increase in REM s ...
PDF Document - HELENA Study
... (10–17 years) and is about 9 h per night.10 Cross-sectional studies have consistently observed an association between short sleep duration and increased adiposity in children and adolescents.11,12 Moreover, there is evidence for a long-term impact of childhood sleeping problems on the later developm ...
... (10–17 years) and is about 9 h per night.10 Cross-sectional studies have consistently observed an association between short sleep duration and increased adiposity in children and adolescents.11,12 Moreover, there is evidence for a long-term impact of childhood sleeping problems on the later developm ...
Document
... Theta activity: • EEG activity of 3.5 – 7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Delta activity: • Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep. ...
... Theta activity: • EEG activity of 3.5 – 7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Delta activity: • Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep. ...
Pacifier Use May Decrease the Risk of SIDS Abstract Introduction
... because the membrane potential difference is highly negative following chloride entry. This inhibition prevents the release of neurotransmitters and the activity of critical proteins (e.g. dopamine transporter or monoamine oxidase). Therefore, autopsy findings of infants with SIDS will likely exhibi ...
... because the membrane potential difference is highly negative following chloride entry. This inhibition prevents the release of neurotransmitters and the activity of critical proteins (e.g. dopamine transporter or monoamine oxidase). Therefore, autopsy findings of infants with SIDS will likely exhibi ...
The Link Between Sleep and Weight Gain
... shown a relationship between short sleep and weight gain only in women, while others have found this association only in men. Additional studies are needed to clarify this issue. 12 Moreover, research has found that a higher BMI is strongly linked to short sleep in children, whereas study findings o ...
... shown a relationship between short sleep and weight gain only in women, while others have found this association only in men. Additional studies are needed to clarify this issue. 12 Moreover, research has found that a higher BMI is strongly linked to short sleep in children, whereas study findings o ...
rapid eye movement sleep deprivation induces acetylcholinesterase
... cholinolytic activity, co-exists with other transmitter systems and possesses other functions. In the present study, the effects of short-tenn rapid-eye-movement sleep deprivation (REM-SD) on AchE activity in the anterior hypothalamic area have been investigated. Using the flower-pot method, adult m ...
... cholinolytic activity, co-exists with other transmitter systems and possesses other functions. In the present study, the effects of short-tenn rapid-eye-movement sleep deprivation (REM-SD) on AchE activity in the anterior hypothalamic area have been investigated. Using the flower-pot method, adult m ...
Although people with the movies, narcolepsy
... cause narcolepsy in dogs. Perhaps most intriguingly, there are hints that narcolepsy might be an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks normal brain tissue as foreign. This disorder has a number of extraordinary features. Besides cataplexy and sleepiness, two other classic symptoms a ...
... cause narcolepsy in dogs. Perhaps most intriguingly, there are hints that narcolepsy might be an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks normal brain tissue as foreign. This disorder has a number of extraordinary features. Besides cataplexy and sleepiness, two other classic symptoms a ...
Subconscious Stimulus Recognition and Processing During
... natural sleep and waking, recorded cortical unit responses to acoustic stimulation. Single units in both the primary and secondary auditory cortex decreased or increased their responses during sleep compared to wakefulness. Moreover, when the responses across neurons were averaged, sound-evoked acti ...
... natural sleep and waking, recorded cortical unit responses to acoustic stimulation. Single units in both the primary and secondary auditory cortex decreased or increased their responses during sleep compared to wakefulness. Moreover, when the responses across neurons were averaged, sound-evoked acti ...
Neurophysiology of sleep-wake states in relation to consciousness
... manifest. The response on a flash of a neuron expressed in a poststimulus time histogram (PSTH) shows that the discharge frequency is lower during slow wave sleep. But what is still more relevant for the building of evoked potentials is that the slow wave sleep PSTH is composed of sharper peaks. Bot ...
... manifest. The response on a flash of a neuron expressed in a poststimulus time histogram (PSTH) shows that the discharge frequency is lower during slow wave sleep. But what is still more relevant for the building of evoked potentials is that the slow wave sleep PSTH is composed of sharper peaks. Bot ...
Sleep-wake cycles: EEG
... desynchronized electrical activity (bwaves) • Sleep: progressively slower, higher voltage and more synchronized electrical activity of the cortex (awaves) • REM-sleep: partial arousal without wakefulness characterized by desynchronized electrical cortical activity, rapid eye movement loss of muscle ...
... desynchronized electrical activity (bwaves) • Sleep: progressively slower, higher voltage and more synchronized electrical activity of the cortex (awaves) • REM-sleep: partial arousal without wakefulness characterized by desynchronized electrical cortical activity, rapid eye movement loss of muscle ...
Management and referral guidelines for ENT in Primary Care
... symptoms of daytime somnolence. ESS <10 makes OSA unlikely even if witnessed apnoeas/hypopnoeas. Children with OSA tend to be hyperactive during the day rather than somnolent. ...
... symptoms of daytime somnolence. ESS <10 makes OSA unlikely even if witnessed apnoeas/hypopnoeas. Children with OSA tend to be hyperactive during the day rather than somnolent. ...
Psychology
... One reason it is difficult to conduct experiments testing total sleep deprivation in humans is their likelihood of lapsing into a brief snatch of sleep called a microsleep. A microsleep involves a brief period of sleeping while seeming awake, where the EEG shows brainwave patterns similar to the ear ...
... One reason it is difficult to conduct experiments testing total sleep deprivation in humans is their likelihood of lapsing into a brief snatch of sleep called a microsleep. A microsleep involves a brief period of sleeping while seeming awake, where the EEG shows brainwave patterns similar to the ear ...
Sleep Mar 19 2013x - Lakehead University
... Example case One of the most important causes of insomnia seems to be sleeping medication Sleep Apnea ...
... Example case One of the most important causes of insomnia seems to be sleeping medication Sleep Apnea ...
Bio Chap 15 - mlfarrispsych
... slow wave sleep. Although sleepwalking is most frequent in childhood, about 3% to 8% of adults sleepwalk. Sleepwalking is at least partially genetic, and can be triggered by stress, alcohol, and sleep deprivation. Sleepwalking has even been used as a defense in crimes committed, allegedly, dur ...
... slow wave sleep. Although sleepwalking is most frequent in childhood, about 3% to 8% of adults sleepwalk. Sleepwalking is at least partially genetic, and can be triggered by stress, alcohol, and sleep deprivation. Sleepwalking has even been used as a defense in crimes committed, allegedly, dur ...
Anatomical and physiological bases of consciousness and sleep
... areas which increase arousal & wakefulness. • Humans with narcolepsy do not have these cells in the hypothalamus (perhaps due to an autoimmune disorder). ...
... areas which increase arousal & wakefulness. • Humans with narcolepsy do not have these cells in the hypothalamus (perhaps due to an autoimmune disorder). ...
Carlson (7e) PowerPoint Lecture Outline Chapter 9: Sleep and
... l REM sleep is accompanied by high levels of blood flow in the visual association cortex but low levels in the inferior frontal cortex l REM eye movements resemble those made when a person scans a visual image l Nightmares can occur during stage 4 of SWS l ...
... l REM sleep is accompanied by high levels of blood flow in the visual association cortex but low levels in the inferior frontal cortex l REM eye movements resemble those made when a person scans a visual image l Nightmares can occur during stage 4 of SWS l ...
Study materials CNS
... CHANGES DURING SLEEP: § decrease in the heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, metabolism, excitability of the nervous system § increase in the blood flow in the brain stem, oxygen consumption, activity of some enzymes, RNA, ATP and protein production in the brain 2 TYPES OF SLEEP: (1) rapid ...
... CHANGES DURING SLEEP: § decrease in the heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, metabolism, excitability of the nervous system § increase in the blood flow in the brain stem, oxygen consumption, activity of some enzymes, RNA, ATP and protein production in the brain 2 TYPES OF SLEEP: (1) rapid ...
Chapter 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
... visual association cortex but low in the inferior frontal cortex (concerned with planning, strategies) Eye movements during REM sleep may be related to the visual imagery that occurs while we dream Particular brain mechanisms that become active during a dream are those that would become active if th ...
... visual association cortex but low in the inferior frontal cortex (concerned with planning, strategies) Eye movements during REM sleep may be related to the visual imagery that occurs while we dream Particular brain mechanisms that become active during a dream are those that would become active if th ...
Obstructive sleep apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (or apnoea) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by obstruction of the upper airway. It is characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep, despite the effort to breathe, and is usually associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation. These pauses in breathing, called ""apneas"" (literally, ""without breath""), typically last 20 to 40 seconds.The individual with OSA is rarely aware of having difficulty breathing, even upon awakening. It is recognized as a problem by others witnessing the individual during episodes or is suspected because of its effects on the body (sequelae). OSA is commonly accompanied with snoring. Some use the term obstructive sleep apnea syndrome to refer to OSA which is associated with symptoms during the daytime. Symptoms may be present for years or even decades without identification, during which time the individual may become conditioned to the daytime sleepiness and fatigue associated with significant levels of sleep disturbance. Individuals who generally sleep alone are often unaware of the condition, without a regular bed-partner to notice and make them aware of their symptoms.As the muscle tone of the body ordinarily relaxes during sleep, and the airway at the throat is composed of walls of soft tissue, which can collapse, it is not surprising that breathing can be obstructed during sleep. Although a very minor degree of OSA is considered to be within the bounds of normal sleep, and many individuals experience episodes of OSA at some point in life, a small percentage of people have chronic, severe OSA.Many people experience episodes of OSA for only a short period. This can be the result of an upper respiratory infection that causes nasal congestion, along with swelling of the throat, or tonsillitis that temporarily produces very enlarged tonsils. The Epstein-Barr virus, for example, is known to be able to dramatically increase the size of lymphoid tissue during acute infection, and OSA is fairly common in acute cases of severe infectious mononucleosis. Temporary spells of OSA syndrome may also occur in individuals who are under the influence of a drug (such as alcohol) that may relax their body tone excessively and interfere with normal arousal from sleep mechanisms.