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Chromosomes Chromosomes Prokaryotes (bacteria): One In cytoplasm Circular Eukaryotes: Many In Nucleus Linear -Chromosomes are very long. Bacteria with chromosome released. In eukaryotes, DNA in chromosomes is wrapped around histone proteins to make bundles called nucleosomes. histones nucleosome DNA Replication -process of making a copy of the genome Each strand acts as a template to make a new one. Both strands are copied at the same time, but in the opposite direction. DNA Replication -process of making a copy of the genome Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Cytoplasm Nucleus Replication Close Hydrogen bonds broken Up DNA Replication Product: -2 double stranded chromosomes -half original and half new semi-conservative What enzyme does DNA replication? DNA Polymerase DNA polymerase also edits its mistakes (proofreads) DNA polymerase will fix this What is the function of chromosomes? -control all cell activities -contain genes Genes -DNA base sequences -instructions for controlling the production of proteins How do we get from DNA to protein? -we need to make a disposable copy of the gene Transcription DNA RNA RNA -Made of nucleotides -Ribose not deoxyribose -U, C, G, A not T, C, G, A -Single strand not double strand RNA -ribose -U, C, G,A -single strand -short -disposable DNA Versus RNA DNA RNA Building blocks nucleotides nucleotides Sugar deoxyribose ribose Bases T, G, C, A U, G, C, A Single or Double Stranded? Long or Short Double Single Long Short Purpose Permanent genome Disposable copy of a gene Transcription -DNA strands separate -RNA polymerase binds to DNA -one strand of DNA acts as a template to make an RNA copy of the gene Gene What’s next for the RNA? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes RNA is processed and moved first -introns are spliced out -mRNA is moved to the cytoplasm Three Types of RNA mRNA – template for making protein rRNA – part of the structure of ribosomes tRNA – small RNA used by ribosomes rRNA -