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BIOTECHNOLOGY DNA IDENTIFICATION Only about 0.1% of DNA is different between individuals in the human population This allows scientists to be able to identify people by their DNA---focus on the differences. NONCODING DNA 98% of our DNA does not code for any proteinsNoncoding DNA These regions contain variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). CACACA,CACACA,CACACA,CACACA= ind. #1 CACACA,CACACA,CACACA,CACACA,CACACA =ind. #2 Geneticists calc. how frequently each of the repeats occur in the general population.-how rare it is. By identifying the VNTR’s at a number of locations in a person’s genome, a DNA profile can be developed for each individual in the population that is unique. P C R RESTRICTION ENZYMES Nature’s Scissors Because each individual will have a unique number of places that restriction enzymes can make cuts, each person will have a unique set of DNA fragments of varying lengths. How can scientists use this to make a DNA fingerprint? DNA FINGERPRINTING GEL ELECTROPHORESIS How can DNA fingerprinting be used? ACCURACY OF DNA FINGERPRINTS The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting depends on the number of VNTR or STR (single tandem repeats) loci that are used. At present the FBI uses thirteen STR loci in its profile, with the expected frequency of this profile to be less than one in 100 billion. As the number of loci analyzed increases, the probability of a random match becomes smaller. RECOMBINANT DNA The process of altering the genetic material of cells or organisms to allow them to make new substances is called genetic engineering. Recombinant DNA results when DNA from two organisms is joined CLONING VECTORS A clone is an exact copy of DNA A vector is a means of delivering the DNA into a new cell or organism As that new organism divides, the new DNA is also copied. Two commonly used vectors are viruses and plasmids. A plasmid is a small ring of DNA found in bacteria in addition to the large bacteria chromosome. It is copied every time the bacteria DNA is copied. If a gene is inserted into the plasmid and that plasmid is introduced back into the bacteria, the gene is copied every time the plasmid is copied. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT 1990 -2003 Purpose: sequence all of the 3.3 billion bases of DNA. Relate those bases to genes and their locations on chromosomes. FUTURE OF GENOMICS Bioinformatics combines biological science, computer science, and information technology to look for underlying patterns and unifying principles. Proteomics: the study of all of an organisms proteins. Microarrays: show which genes are active in a cell GENETIC ENGINEERING Medical Scientists study how genes function Gene Applications Therapy Using recombinant DNA technology to repair faulty genes to cure diseases such as CF, hemophilia, Type I diabetes. Cloning Making genetic copies (clones) of organisms (such as Dolly) to use as models for studying human diseases Vaccines: new methods of making vaccines may improve an individuals immunity to various diseases. ETHICAL ISSUES Who owns genetic information? Should genetically modified foods be permitted? Is it ethical to “select” the characteristics of your offspring? Should humans be cloned?