* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download AP Biology Study Guide Name____________________ Per
Survey
Document related concepts
SNARE (protein) wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Membrane potential wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
AP Biology Study Guide Name____________________ CELLS Magnification transmission electron microscope scanning electron microscope prokaryotic cells nuclear membrane ribosomes lysosomes mitochondria plastids cytoplasm grana microfilaments resolving power cilia cell fractionation eukaryotic cells endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus endosymbiotic hypothesis intermembrane space chloroplasts thylakoids vacuoles cytoskeleton light microscope organelles nucleus nucleoli cytosol peroxisomes basal bodies flagella microtubules centrioles myosin actin Answer the following questions: 1. For each of the organelles listed below, describe its structure; give a major function; indicate whether it is surrounded by a single membrane, a double membrane, or no membrane; and state whether it is found in plant, animal, or bacterial cells (a well designed table is acceptable). nucleus nucleolus endoplasmic reticulum ribosome mitochondria lysosome plastids vacuole microtubules microfilaments Golgi apparatus centriole basal bodies cilia and flagella 2. Discuss four differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 3. Describe the endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of the eukaryotic cells and give three lines of evidence for the validity of this hypothesis. 4. Using diagrams, describe the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Explain the roles of each organelle involved in each process. 5. Describe the components of the "endomembrane system". List one example of how these components function together as a unit. 6. Describe the structure and role of the cytoskeleton. 7. Describe the structure of cilia and flagella and how these structures allow for cell movement. 8. Describe the various types of cell junctions in both plant and animal cells. AP Biology Study Guide Name____________________ Per __ MEMBRANES diffusion selectively permeable osmotic potential hypotonic plasma membrane permease facilitated diffusion electrochemical gradient membrane pump sodium-potassium pump phagocytosis pseudopodia water potential osmosis osmotic concentration hypertonic isotonic fluid-mosaic model membrane channel electrostatic gradient receptor active transport endocytosis pinocytosis exocytosis Answer the following questions: 1. Describe the process of osmosis and explain the relationship between osmosis and diffusion. How is the net movement of water through a membrane in osmosis related to the concentration of solute molecules? 2. Define the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic. Explain what would happen to an animal cell and a plant cell placed in a hypertonic medium and to an animal cell and a plant cell placed in a hypotonic medium. 3. Construct a diagram and describe the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane. In your description, point out the phospholipid molecules, and indicate the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions; point out the proteins that span the interior of the membrane and those that are confined to the surface; indicate the role of the cholesterol molecules, and explain why lateral movement of molecules within the membrane is possible. List substances to which the membrane is relatively permeable, and those to which it is relatively impermeable. 4. Describe the role that permeases (proteins) play in moving material through membranes. 5. Construct a diagram and explain how an electrochemical gradient can be generated across a membrane and what is meant by an electrochemical gradient. 6. Distinguish between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Indicate the role of these processes in the life of the cell. 7. Using diagrams, describe the processes of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis, explaining the role of these processes in transporting substances into and out of the cell. 8. Explain the concept of water potential and its importance to plant cells.