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Cells
Unit 3
Cell Membrane and Cell Transport
Notes: Cell Membrane Structure
• The cell or plasma membrane is also known as the
________________________________
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER since it has 2 layers.
FLUID MOSAIC
MODEL since it is
• It is known as a ______________
____________
made up of many parts and is not rigid and moves easily.
• The main function of the cell membrane is to maintain
homeostasis by controlling ___________________________
WHAT GOES IN AND OUT
• The cell membrane doesn’t let everything through. It is
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
_________________________________and
only lets certain
things in and out.
Cell Membrane Diagram
Video – Cell membrane
INTEGRAL PROTEINS
CARB CHAIN
PHOSPHATE HEAD
FATTY ACID
TAILS
PHOSPHOLIPID
CHOLESTEROL
PERIPHERAL PROTEIN
Osmosis
Hypertonic solution
greater
out
shrink
Hypotonic solution
Isotonic solution
equal
Less than
in
grow
in / out
Stay same size
Concentration Gradient
• Differences in concentration on either side of
a membrane.
Hill Diagram
Active Transport
-Goes against the concentration
gradient (low to high)
-– needs energy (ATP)
High/More
•P = Pump – solute (dots) through a
protein
•E = Endocytosis – move into cell
High / •E = Exocytosis – move out of cell
More
Low/Less
Passive Transport
-Goes with the concentration
gradient (high to low)
- no energy
• D = Diffusion – solute (dots) move (Ex: salt)
• O = Osmosis – water moves
• F = Facilitated Diffusion – solute (dots) move through protein
Low/Less
DIFFUSION – dots such as
salt are moving.
OSMOSIS - dots can’t move so
water moves to dilute the dots
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION – dots are too
big or polar so need to go through a
protein
Which way will things move?
Given the pictures below, draw arrows in the correct direction to show what will
move. You need 4 different colors to make your key:
Diffusion – Red
Osmosis – Blue
Facilitated diffusion – Green
Pump (active transport) – Purple
Real life scenarios – What will happen???
1. A saltwater fish is placed into fresh water. What will happen to the cells of
this fish?
Water will move in and the
fish’s cells will grow.
2. A freshwater fish is placed into a salt water tank. What will happen to the
cells of this fish?
Water will move out and
the fish’s cells will shrink.
Explain the following picture.
Salt on a slug will cause water to move out of the slug to
dilute the salt on the outside of the body. The slug will
dehydrate and die.
Understanding Osmosis &
Diffusion (Passive Transport)
Hypo = less
Hyper = more
Iso = same
When answering the questions, consider the following information:
• The oval in each diagram below represents a cell.
• The black line around the oval is the cell membrane.
• The space between the dots represents the water (solvent) that the solute
is dissolved in.
• The solute (dots) AND solvent (water) is small enough to pass across the
cell membrane.
Cell #1
Cell #2
Cell #3
CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES:
1. The solution outside cell #1 has a/an (higher; LOWER; equal)
concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
2. The solution outside cell #1 is (hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) to
the solution inside the cell.
3. The inside of cell #1 is (HYPERTONIC; hypotonic; isotonic) to the
solution surrounding it.
4. The solution outside cell #2 has a/an (HIGHER; lower; equal)
concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
5. The solution outside cell #2 is (HYPERTONIC; hypotonic; isotonic) to
the solution inside the cell.
6. The inside of cell #2 is (hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) to the
solution surrounding it.
7. The solution outside cell #3 has a/an (higher; lower; EQUAL)
concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
8. The solution outside cell #3 is (hypertonic; hypotonic; ISOTONIC) to
the solution inside the cell.
DIFFUSION:
9. If diffusion was to occur to cell #1, in which direction
would most of the solute be moving? (into /OUT OF) the
cell.
10.If diffusion was to occur to cell #2, in which direction
would most of the solute be moving? (INTO /out of) the
cell.
11.Describe what happens to the movement of solute for cell
#3. THE SOLUTE WOULD MOVE IN AND OUT.
12.Due to the process of diffusion, the solute or dissolved
material tries to move from an area of higher
concentration into an area of lower concentration
(someplace where it can spread out more). According to
this statement, which of the above cells would lose the
most solute due to diffusion? (CELL #1, CELL #2, CELL #3)
OSMOSIS:
13. If osmosis was to occur in cell #1, which direction would
most of the water be moving? (INTO /out of) the cell.
14. Cell #1 should have (lost ; GAINED; stayed the same)
mass.
15. If osmosis was to occur in cell #2, which direction would
most of the water be moving? (into /OUT OF) the cell.
16. Cell #2 should have (LOST ; gained; stayed the same)
mass.
17. If osmosis was to occur in cell #3, which direction would
most of the water be moving? (INTO & OUT OF) the cell.
18. Cell #3 should have (lost ; gained; STAYED THE SAME)
mass.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN…
19. Since an animal cell lacks a cell wall, it is important that it be
surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; hypotonic; ISOTONIC)
solution, so that it does not shrink & shrivel up or swell &
rupture due to the effects of osmosis.
20. If red blood cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution, then
the cell would most likely (shrink, SWELL or stay the same
size).
21. When plant cells are full of water, the pressure within the cell
pushes out onto the cell wall, thus allowing the cell to
become more rigid (has turgor pressure). Since this is a good
thing for them, plant cells should be surrounded by a/an
(hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) solution.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells:
SMALL
Prokaryotic cells - ___________________,
no nucleus and no
MEMBRANE BOUND
_________________________________
organelles.
BACTERIA
Ex: ___________________________
LARGER
NUCLEUS
Eukaryotic cells - __________________,
have a _________________
PLANTS & ANIMALS
and membrane bound organelles. Ex: __________________________
No matter what, all cells have 4 organelles in common:
CELL MEMBRANE
_________________________________
DNA
_________________________________
CYTOPLASM
_________________________________
RIBOSOMES
_________________________________
Notes: Cell Theory
•All living things are made up of one or more
CELLS
______________.
•All cells come from _________________________
cells.
PREEXISTING
•Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of an
organism.
How did the first Eukaryotic cells come about?
Endosymbiosis
Animation
How did the first Eukaryotic cells come about?
• Endosymbiosis Theory - endo means _________________,
INSIDE
RELATIONSHIP
symbiotic means ____________________________
so……
PROKARYOTES
• Smaller __________________________
entered inside larger
prokaryotes. The smaller prokaryote(s) got
PROTECTION
________________________
and the larger prokaryote got
ENERGY (ATP)
_______________________________________________.
These
MITOCHONDRIA
organelles eventually became the ______________________
and
CHLOROPLAST
____________________________
Cell Specialization
STEM CELLS
SPERM CELL
FLAGELLUM
RED BLOOD CELL
NERVE CELL
NOTES: ORGANELLES
ORGANELLE
• An __________________is
a tiny structure
that performs a specialized function (or job) in
the cell. Ex: nucleus, chloroplast,
mitochondria, ribosome, cell membrane, cell
wall, vacuole
CELL WALL
CELL WALL
(in plants only)
Cell
Membrane
Cell Wall
Structure &
support
Wall around the
kingdom –
extra support
CHLOROPLAST
Site of
photosynthesis –
uses light to
CHLOROPLAST
make sugar
(in plants only)
(glucose)
Farmers – use
light to grow
(make) food
VACUOLE
VACUOLE
Stores things
Plant – Large central
like water and
nutrients
Animals – many small
Vacuole
Nucleus
Well – stores
water
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL
MEMBRANE
Cell
Membrane
Controls what
enters and leaves
the cell
Knights at the
gate– control
what goes in
and out
MITOCHONDRIA
Site of cellular
respiration - turns
MITOCHONDRIA sugar (glucose) into
useable energy (ATP)
Chefs– make
food useable by
cooking it
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
Nuclear Envelope
Protects
genetic info
DNA = King
NUCLEUS =
Castle
DNA
RIBOSOMES
RIBOSOMES
Where
proteins are
made
Town workers –
make things
PROKARYOTIC VERSUS EUKARYOTIC
No membrane bound
organelles
Has a nucleus
Has DNA
No nucleus
Has cytoplasm
Ex: Plants & Animals
Has cell membrane
Has ribosomes
Ex: Bacteria
Has membrane bound
organelles
PLANT VERSUS ANIMAL
chloroplasts
Large central vacuole
nucleus
ribosomes
Membrane bound
organelles
cell membrane
cytoplasm
Cell wall
No cell wall
mitochondria
eukaryotic
Small vacuoles
Microscopes
• How do we see cells and organelles???
• _________________________________________________________
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
uses 2 lenses and light to magnify an image up to 2000x. Can look at living
cells.
• Total magnification = ocular lens x objective lens
• Ex: Ocular is 10x and Objective is on 40 x, what is total magnification?
10 x 10
= 100
SCOPE - used to view larger
• STEREOMICROSCOPE/DISSECTING
_____________________________________
objects. Magnifies up to 50x. Can look at living cells.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
• _____________________________________
- can magnify up to
200,000x but specimen must be dead.
• Make sure to study your Microscope Lab to learn more about the parts
and functions of the microscope. This will be on your test!
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE