* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Week 3 Agenda and Notes
Survey
Document related concepts
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Programmed cell death wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Week 4 Notes “Required” Extra Credit Assignment: a) Look at the recycle symbols and report what symbols mean, what the number within the symbol indicates, etc. b) Find/list 15 products that are made with recycled material The Cell Definition: can reproduce itself without help from other entities Bacteria, Archaea: Unicellular (but can form “associations” called colonies) Eukarya: unicellular and multicellular (need some sort of “bonding”/adhesion - -> tissue) Cells Sizes Shapes Color: presence of pigment 10 micrometers – 0.09 m (ostrich egg) Metric System v English System Meter 1 m = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1000 millimeters (mm) = 1,000,000 microns (µm) = 1,000,000,000 nanometers (nm) Shape: cubes, rectangular, spherical Cell – take in nutrients, exude waste Cell size: surface area to volume ratio Microscope – tool for biologists Cellular structure Light Microscope Focus – sharp image Magnification – Ocular Lens 10x Objective Lens 10x, 40x, 100x X Ocular lens magnification Objective Lens magnification = Total Magnification Cell prep – clean slide -> place specimen on slide, place cover slip over specimen Electron Microscopes Transmission EM – allows for view of cross-sections Scanning EM – allows for view of surface of material Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria, Archaea) – lacks true nucleus; does not contain organelles; lack true compartmentalization Glycocalyx: gel coating Cell Wall : shape and support Spherical (round) Rod (E. coli) Spiral Plasma Membrane (bilayer): regulation of materials into the inside and outside the cell Mesosome – extension of plasma membrane into the cell – allows for increase in surface area Flagellum: for motility (motion) Pilus: extensions of PM Sex Pilus: extension that will allow for exchange of genetic material Fimbriae – bristle-like appendages that help in adhesion of cell to surface Inclusion bodies – for storage of nutrients Nucleoid – area where bacterial chromosome are found (usually toward the center of the cell) (bacteria: have one chromosome, usually circular) Ribosomes – small particles suspended in cytoplasm: responsible for the site of protein synthesis Shape of cells Round – Cocci Rod – Bacillus Spiral – Spirilla Rigid or flexible Colony – cluster of cells Cell Structure Cell Envelope: glycocalyx, cell wall, plasma membrane, mesosomes Cytoplasm: semifluid solution: enzymes, nucleoid, plasmid (circular DNA) Cyanobacteria: bacteria that can photosynthesize just like plants; contain extensive internal membranes called thylakoids Appendages: flagella, fimbriae, pilus Archaea – different shapes than bacteria, lobed, plateshaped or irregularly shaped - live in extreme habitats: hot or salty environments Eukaryotic Cells Unicellular Multicellular Organelles – membrane-bound Compartmentalization Organize Double membraned organelles Keep separate enzymes (biocatalyst) that may not function outside the organelle Nucleus, Mitochondrion, Chloroplast Animal cell v Plant cell Plant cell: cell wall (gives support and shape); Green plants contain chloroplasts (are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis) Central Vacuole Animal Cell Cell Structure Nucleus – double-membraned (protect the genes!) Nuclear envelope Nucleolus – located inside the nucleus/responsible for the synthesis of ribosomes Nuclear pores – tiny channels that allow for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm Nucleoplasm: (like cytoplasm but for nucleus) Chromatin – contains genetic material (DNA); later condense to form the chromosomes Ribosomes: non-membrane bounded particles which function in protein synthesis; can be in groups called polyribosomes Endomembrane System Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Smooth ER: does not have any ribosomes associated with the SER; sight of lipid synthesis (fatty acids, steroids,) Rough ER: does have ribosomes associated with the RER; sight of protein synthesis Golgi Apparatus: series of membranous sacs: packaging and distributing the synthesized macromolecules; fold into 3-Dim; proteins can combine with sugars (glycoproteins) or phospholipids secretory vesicles transport vesicles Lysosomes – membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes; housekeeping organelles (break down cellular debris, foreign material); come from the Golgi apparatus Abnormal Lysosomes: Tay-Sachs disease Apoptosis – programmed cell death Vesicles Incoming Secretory Peroxisomes and Vacuoles Peroxisomes: membrane-bound vesicles that contain enzymes (e.g., break down H2O2); lots found in the liver Lorenzo’s Oil Study biology!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Vacuoles: membranous sacs; store substances Plants: water, sugars, salts and water-soluble pigments Central Vacuole – functions to control storage of nutrients and waste products; can change size Paramecium (animal) – contain contractile vacuoles: collect excess water and expel it outside the cell turgidity Energy-Related Organelles Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis Double-membraned organelle Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll Grana- sac Thylakoid – stacks found in grana Stroma – like the “cytoplasmic matrix” of the cell Mitochondria Double-membraned organelle Site of aerobic cellular respiration Krebs cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) Electron Transport System Powerhouse of the cell -> produces ATP Outer membrane Inner membrane Folds – cristae (site of electron support, TCA cycle) Cytoskeleton – provides support and shape of the cell Actin Filaments (7 nm in diameter): formerly called microfilaments; play structural role; seen in microvilli of intestinal cells Involved with movement Actin and myosin with ATP: motion Intermediate Filaments (larger than actin filaments – 8-11 nm in diameter) Anchor organelles Involved with forming cell junctions Microtubules – cylinders of protein 25 nm in diameter Composed of tubulin, a protein MTOC: microtubule organizing center: in the centrosome (near the nucleus) Self-assembly See spindles in mitosis (cell division) Centrioles 9+0 See mitosis chapter Dynein (a motor molecule) side arms Cilia and Flagella – surrounded by plasma membrane Provides motility; membrane bound cylinders Cilia: shorter than flagella Both have “9+2” microtubule pairs Each has a Basal body: ring of 9 microtubule triplets with no central microtubules Cilia of inner ear Plant Cell Plant Cells differ from Animal Cells with respect to the following: Plant Cells contain A Cell Wall Central Vacuole Chloroplasts Modification of Cell Surfaces Allow cells to communicate, adhere to each other Animals: Anchoring/adhesion junctions Desmosome – single point of attachment between adjacent cells Intermediate filaments Tight junctions: zipperlike fastening; serve as barriers -> prevent leakage Blood-brain barrier Kidney cells/tubules – keep urine within Gap junction – allows cell communication Heart muscle and smooth muscle -> flow of ions Extracellular Matrix Collagen and Elastin Fibronectins and laminins – adhesive proteins – form highways Cartilage – flexible Bone – hard Plant Cell Walls Plasmodesmata – numerous narrow membrane-line channels that pass through cell wall Tight Junction Gap Junction Anchoring Junction - intermediate filaments involved Plasmodesmata – plant cells