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Cells and their Organelles!
Objectives
History of a
Cell
 Cell
Organelles;
Description
and Functions
 Difference
between
plant and
animal cell

History of the Cell

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
Cells first seen with a simple microscope
First cell seen by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Cell named and described by Robert Hook in
1665
Cell Theory:

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1. Cells are the
basic units of life
2. All organisms
are made up of one
or more cells
3. All cells arise
from preexisting
cells.
Types of Cells

Prokaryotic
Cells lack a true
nucleus and
internal
structures.

Eukaryotic Cells
have a true
nucleus and
internal
structures.
Plasma Membrane
aka- Lipid Bilayer



Thin layer of lipid and protein that separates
the cell’s contents from the world around it.
Functions like a gate, controlling what enters
and leaves the cell.
Flexible and allows cell to change shape.
Lipid Bilayer

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
Cell membranes
consist of 2 fatty
acids, joined tail
to tail.
The phosphate
heads are polar
and water loving
Lipid tails are
nonpolar and
water fearing
Cell Wall
 Provides
support for
the cell
 Surrounds all Plant
Cells
 Rigid and allows for
little or no movement
 Made of cellulose and
starch
Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope

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The “Brain” of the
cell
Controls all
activities and
functions
Contains DNA in
the form of
Chromatin
One of the largest
organelles in the
cell
Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope

Surrounded by a
Nuclear Envelope
that is 4x as thick
as any other
membrane

Nuclear Envelope
is a form of
protection
Nucleolus and Nuclear Pores


Found in the center
of the nucleus.
Responsible for
making ribosomes
Allows for RNA and
ribosomes to enter and
exit the nucleus
Mitochondria!

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Powerhouse of the
cell.
Transforms energy
for the cell (food
molecules are
broken down).
Cellular Respiration
occurs here.
Highly Folded for
more surface area.
Can be several
hundred per cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Folded membrane that
forms a network of
interconnected
compartments inside
the cell
Production of the
protein and lipid
components of most of
the cell's organelles
Ex: Tissues inside box
Rough ER Vs. Smooth ER

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Rough is coated
with ribosomes,
smooth isn’t
Rough- site of
PROTEIN
synthesis
Smooth- site of
LIPID synthesis.
Golgi Apparatus
Directs
molecular
traffic in the
cell
 Series of
closely stacked,
flattened
membranes
sacs

Golgi Apparatus

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Receives newly
synthesized proteins
and lipids from the ER
and distributes them to
plasma membrane
Has vesicles that act as
packages.
Nickname UPS
Vacuoles

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Fluid filled sac
surrounded by a
membrane
Temporary storage of
food, enzymes, and
waste products
Usually one large
vacuole in plants
Several smaller
vacuoles in animal cells
Lysosomes

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AKA: Suicide Bags
Contain digestive
enzymes to digest
excess or worn out
cell parts, food,
invading viruses
Ex: Tadpole and its
tail
Ribosomes

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Particles where the cell
assembles proteins
according to the
directions of the DNA
Not bound by a
membrane- still
considered a cell
organelle
Made by the nucleolus
Found free floating in
the cytoplasm and on
Rough ER
Chloroplast

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Only found in Plant
Cells
Contains Chlorophyll
Photosynthesis
occurs here
Each plant cell can
have several
chloroplast
Cytoskeleton

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Made of
Microtubules and
Microfilaments.
(Both made of
protein)
Found throughout
the cell
Provide shape,
support, and
structure to the cell
Cytoplasma

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The clear like fluid that surrounds inside the
cell
Consist of almost 1/2 the volume of an
animal cell
Chemical reactions occurs here
FLAGELLA
o
o
Flagella are
usually singular
(occasionally
there are more)
projections found
on the outside of
the cell.
Primary means of
transportation
and or movement.
Cillia

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Several, hairlike
projections that
surround the outside
of the a cell
Also used for
movement and
transportation
Plant Cell v/s Animal Cell
All Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall
 All Plant cells contain the organelle Chloroplast
 All plant cells usually have one large vacuole
the can occupy 90% of the cell.
