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Transcript
Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering • Selective Breeding- choosing what parents you want to produce offspring for the next generation. • What do get when you cross a bull dog and a shitzu? • Hybridization- Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms. • Hybrid Vigor- phenomenon, offspring are better than the parents. • Inbreeding is the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics. – Risky, because it could bring out the recessive alleles and cause a genetic defect. Blindness, joint problems Increase Variation • Why would humans want to increase variations? – Better the species – Make the mutation occur faster – More variety • http://www.techapps.net/interactives/pepp erMoths.swf Manipulating DNA • Scientist change DNA by – Extracting DNA from cells – Cut into smaller pieces – Identify the sequence of bases on the DNA molecule – Make unlimitied copies of DNA DNA Extraction • Cells are opened up and DNA is separated from other parts of the cell Cutting DNA • DNA is cut into small fragments by restriction enzymes. (Cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence…very precise) Separating DNA • Gel Electrophoresis- DNA Fragments are placed in certain gel wells and an electric voltage is passed through them. • DNA molecules move toward the opposite end of the gel. • Smaller DNA fragments move faster through the gel. Using the DNA Sequence • The DNA Sequence can be read, studied, or changed. • Compare genes with other organisms. • Recombinant DNA- produced by combining DNA from different sources. Making Copies • In order to study genes, it helps to make copies. • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)makes many copies of DNA through a process of heating and cooling using DNA polymerase. 13.4 Applications of Genetic Engineering • Transgenic Organisms- organisms contain genes from other organisms. – Example: The enzyme (luciferase) from fire flies was transferred into a tobacco plant cell. – What do you think happens? • The plant glows at dark…page 331 Why make transgenic organisms? • • • • Resist pests, herbicides, harsh conditions Improve nutritional value, shelf life Test and study Medical purposes…insulin, growth hormone, clotting factors • Transgenic Animals can produce more milk, less fat, human proteins Cloning • Cloning is producing genetically identical cells from a single cell. – Bacteria is easy to clone (unicellular) – What about multicellular organisms? – Ian Wilmut cloned the first sheep. DOLLY. Cloning Process To Clone or Not to Clone?
