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Chapter 16 – The Nervous System:
Pathways and Higher-Order Functions
Higher-Order
Functions /
Memory
Clinical
Conditions &
States of
Awareness
Sensory
Pathways
Motor
Pathways
Basal Nuclei &
Cerebellum /
Somatic
Control
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FINAL ROUND
Topic 1:
$100 Question
Our perception of a given sensation as
touch, rather than as temperature or pain,
depends on processing in which neural
structure?
a. hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. cerebellum
d. epithalamus
ANSWER
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Topic 1:
$100 Answer
Our perception of a given sensation as
touch, rather than as temperature or pain,
depends on processing in which neural
structure?
a. hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. cerebellum
d. epithalamus
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Topic 1:
$200 Question
The cell body of which sensory neuron
may be located in a dorsal root ganglion or
a cranial nerve ganglion?
a. first-order neuron
b. second-order neuron
c. third-order neuron
d. fourth-order neuron
ANSWER
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Topic 1:
$200 Answer
The cell body of which sensory neuron
may be located in a dorsal root ganglion or
a cranial nerve ganglion?
a. first-order neuron
b. second-order neuron
c. third-order neuron
d. fourth-order neuron
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Topic 1:
$300 Question
Which of the following statements regarding the
fasciculus cuneatus is false?
a. It is responsible for sensations of
proprioception, fine touch, pressure, and
vibration from the superior half of the body.
b. Its second-order neuron cell bodies are located
in the medulla oblongata; the axons cross over
before entering the medial lemniscus.
c. Its third-order neuron cell bodies are located in
the dorsal posterolateral nucleus of the
thalamus.
ANSWER
d. None of the above is false.
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Topic 1:
$300 Answer
Which of the following statements regarding the
fasciculus cuneatus is false?
a. It is responsible for sensations of
proprioception, fine touch, pressure, and
vibration from the superior half of the body.
b. Its second-order neuron cell bodies are located
in the medulla oblongata; the axons cross over
before entering the medial lemniscus.
c. Its third-order neuron cell bodies are located in
the dorsal posterolateral nucleus of the
thalamus.
d. None of the above is false.
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Topic 1:
$400 Question
What is the final destination for the posterior
spinocerebellar tract?
a. the cerebellar cortex on the same side
as the stimulus
b. the primary sensory cortex on the same
side as the stimulus
c. the cerebellar cortex on the side
opposite the stimulus
d. the primary sensory cortex on the side
opposite the stimulus
ANSWER
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Topic 1:
$400 Answer
What is the final destination for the posterior
spinocerebellar tract?
a. the cerebellar cortex on the same side
as the stimulus
b. the primary sensory cortex on the same
side as the stimulus
c. the cerebellar cortex on the side
opposite the stimulus
d. the primary sensory cortex on the side
opposite the stimulus
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Topic 1:
$500 Question
The site of decussation of the lateral
spinothalamic tracts is:
a. at the axons of second-order neurons, at
the level of entry.
b. at the axons of second-order neurons,
before joining the medial lemniscus.
c. at the cerebellum .
d. at the axons of third-order neurons,
before joining the medial lemniscus.
ANSWER
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Topic 1:
$500 Answer
The site of decussation of the lateral
spinothalamic tracts is:
a. at the axons of second-order neurons, at
the level of entry.
b. at the axons of second-order neurons,
before joining the medial lemniscus.
c. at the cerebellum .
d. at the axons of third-order neurons,
before joining the medial lemniscus.
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Topic 2:
$100 Question
Which of the following statements regarding the lateral
pathway is false?
a. The command carried by the lateral pathway
typically facilitate flexor muscles.
b. The command carried by the lateral pathway
typically inhibit flexor muscles.
c. The commands carried by the lateral pathway
typically inhibit extensor muscles.
d. The upper motor neurons of the lateral pathway
lie within the red nuclei of the mesencephalon.
ANSWER
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Topic 2:
$100 Answer
Which of the following statements regarding the lateral
pathway is false?
a. The command carried by the lateral pathway
typically facilitate flexor muscles.
b. The command carried by the lateral pathway
typically inhibit flexor muscles.
c. The commands carried by the lateral pathway
typically inhibit extensor muscles.
d. The upper motor neurons of the lateral pathway
lie within the red nuclei of the mesencephalon.
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Topic 2:
$200 Question
Although normally insignificant, which motor
tracts can be important in maintaining motor
control and muscle tone in the upper limbs if the
lateral corticospinal tracts are damaged?
a. reticulospinal tracts
b. rubrospinal tracts
c. vestibulospinal tracts
d. corticobulbar tracts
ANSWER
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Topic 2:
$200 Answer
Although normally insignificant, which motor
tracts can be important in maintaining motor
control and muscle tone in the upper limbs if the
lateral corticospinal tracts are damaged?
a. reticulospinal tracts
b. rubrospinal tracts
c. vestibulospinal tracts
d. corticobulbar tracts
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Topic 2:
$300 Question
Axons in the corticobulbar tracts synapse
on lower motor neurons in the motor nuclei
of which cranial nerves?
a. N III, IV, V, VI
b. N VII, IX, XI, XII
c. N VI, VII, VIII
d. a and b
ANSWER
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Topic 2:
$300 Answer
Axons in the corticobulbar tracts synapse
on lower motor neurons in the motor nuclei
of which cranial nerves?
a. N III, IV, V, VI
b. N VII, IX, XI, XII
c. N VI, VII, VIII
d. a and b
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Topic 2:
$400 Question
Where is the site of decussation of the
reticulospinal tracts?
a. at the pyramids of the medulla
oblongata
b. at the brain stem
c. They do not cross.
d. at the level of the lower motor
neuron
ANSWER
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Topic 2:
$400 Answer
Where is the site of decussation of the
reticulospinal tracts?
a. at the pyramids of the medulla
oblongata
b. at the brain stem
c. They do not cross.
d. at the level of the lower motor
neuron
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Topic 2:
$500 Question
The lower motor neurons of cranial nerve
nuclei in the brain stem are the destination
for:
a. lateral corticospinal tracts.
b. anterior corticospinal tracts.
c. tectospinal tracts.
d. corticobulbar tracts.
ANSWER
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Topic 2:
$500 Answer
The lower motor neurons of cranial nerve
nuclei in the brain stem are the destination
for:
a. lateral corticospinal tracts.
b. anterior corticospinal tracts.
c. tectospinal tracts.
d. corticobulbar tracts.
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Topic 3:
$100 Question
Monitoring proprioceptive sensations,
visual information, and vestibular
sensations as movements occur are
functions of the:
a. basal nuclei
b. cerebellum
c. hypothalamus
d. mesencephalon
ANSWER
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Topic 3:
$100 Answer
Monitoring proprioceptive sensations,
visual information, and vestibular
sensations as movements occur are
functions of the:
a. basal nuclei
b. cerebellum
c. hypothalamus
d. mesencephalon
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Topic 3:
$200 Question
Regarding levels of somatic motor control, which of the
following statements is/are true?
a. The process of reflex development proceeds
extremely fast, as billions of neurons establish
trillions of synaptic connections.
b. Motor commands may be given to specific
motor neurons directly, or they may be given
indirectly by altering the activity of a reflex
control center.
c. At birth, the cerebral and cerebellar cortex are
fully functional.
ANSWER
d. a and b
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Topic 3:
$200 Answer
Regarding levels of somatic motor control, which of the
following statements is/are true?
a. The process of reflex development proceeds
extremely fast, as billions of neurons establish
trillions of synaptic connections.
b. Motor commands may be given to specific
motor neurons directly, or they may be given
indirectly by altering the activity of a reflex
control center.
c. At birth, the cerebral and cerebellar cortex are
fully functional.
d. a and b
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Topic 3:
$300 Question
Basal nuclei receive input from which of the
following structures?
a. all portions of the cerebral cortex as well
as the substantia nigra
b. the cerebellum and the medulla
oblongata
c. the cerebral cortex and the red nucleus
d. the cerebellum and the red nucleus
ANSWER
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Topic 3:
$300 Answer
Basal nuclei receive input from which of the
following structures?
a. all portions of the cerebral cortex as well
as the substantia nigra
b. the cerebellum and the medulla
oblongata
c. the cerebral cortex and the red nucleus
d. the cerebellum and the red nucleus
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Topic 3:
$400 Question
Regarding somatic motor control, which of
the following structures control(s) reflexes
in response to visual and auditory stimuli?
a. the pons and superior medulla
oblongata
b. the thalamus
c. the mesencephalon
d. b and c
ANSWER
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Topic 3:
$400 Answer
Regarding somatic motor control, which of
the following structures control(s) reflexes
in response to visual and auditory stimuli?
a. the pons and superior medulla
oblongata
b. the thalamus
c. the mesencephalon
d. b and c
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Topic 3:
$500 Question
Which of the following is not a function of the
hypothalamus?
a. modifies respiratory reflexes
b. controls stereotyped motor patterns
related to eating and drinking
c. controls simple cranial and spinal
reflexes
d. controls stereotyped motor patterns
related to sexual activity
ANSWER
BACK TO GAME
Topic 3:
$500 Answer
Which of the following is not a function of the
hypothalamus?
a. modifies respiratory reflexes
b. controls stereotyped motor patterns
related to eating and drinking
c. controls simple cranial and spinal
reflexes
d. controls stereotyped motor patterns
related to sexual activity
BACK TO GAME
Topic 4:
$100 Question
The integrative area considered as the
“speech center” of the cerebral cortex is
also known as:
a. the general interpretive area.
b. the gnostic area.
c. Broca’s area.
d. the prefrontal cortex.
ANSWER
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Topic 4:
$100 Answer
The integrative area considered as the
“speech center” of the cerebral cortex is
also known as:
a. the general interpretive area.
b. the gnostic area.
c. Broca’s area.
d. the prefrontal cortex.
BACK TO GAME
Topic 4:
$200 Question
Which of the following is considered the
most complex brain area due to its
extensive connections with other cortical
areas and other portions of the brain?
a. speech center
b. general interpretive area
c. prefrontal cortex
d. gnostic area
ANSWER
BACK TO GAME
Topic 4:
$200 Answer
Which of the following is considered the
most complex brain area due to its
extensive connections with other cortical
areas and other portions of the brain?
a. speech center
b. general interpretive area
c. prefrontal cortex
d. gnostic area
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Topic 4:
$300 Question
Damage to which nucleus is associated
with changes in emotional states, memory,
and intellectual function?
a. caudate nucleus
b. putamen
c. amygdaloid body
d. nucleus basalis
ANSWER
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Topic 4:
$300 Answer
Damage to which nucleus is associated
with changes in emotional states, memory,
and intellectual function?
a. caudate nucleus
b. putamen
c. amygdaloid body
d. nucleus basalis
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Topic 4:
$400 Question
Where are feelings of frustration, tension,
and anxiety generated as a result of
interpretation of ongoing events?
a. gnostic area
b. prefrontal cortex
c. amygdaloid body
d. hippocampus
ANSWER
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Topic 4:
$400 Answer
Where are feelings of frustration, tension,
and anxiety generated as a result of
interpretation of ongoing events?
a. gnostic area
b. prefrontal cortex
c. amygdaloid body
d. hippocampus
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Topic 4:
$500 Question
Which of the following is not a characteristic of
higher-order functions?
a. They involve complex interconnections
between areas within the cerebral
cortex, and between the cerebral cortex
and other brain areas.
b. They are performed by the cerebellar
cortex.
c. They involve both conscious and
unconscious information processing.
d. b and c
ANSWER
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Topic 4:
$500 Answer
Which of the following is not a characteristic of
higher-order functions?
a. They involve complex interconnections
between areas within the cerebral
cortex, and between the cerebral cortex
and other brain areas.
b. They are performed by the cerebellar
cortex.
c. They involve both conscious and
unconscious information processing.
d. b and c
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Topic 5:
$100 Question
Regarding the reticular activating system (RAS), which of
the following statements is/are true?
a. The output of the RAS projects through the
cerebral cortex.
b. Stimulation of the myelencephalic portion of the
RAS produces the most profound and longlasting effects on the cerebral cortex.
c. The RAS-associated hypothalamic nuclei play
a supporting role in RAS function by focusing
attention on specific mental processes.
d. All of the above.
ANSWER
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Topic 5:
$100 Answer
Regarding the reticular activating system (RAS), which of
the following statements is/are true?
a. The output of the RAS projects through the
cerebral cortex.
b. Stimulation of the myelencephalic portion of the
RAS produces the most profound and longlasting effects on the cerebral cortex.
c. The RAS-associated hypothalamic nuclei play
a supporting role in RAS function by focusing
attention on specific mental processes.
d. All of the above.
BACK TO GAME
Topic 5:
$200 Question
Which of the following statements regarding amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (ALS) is/are false?
a.
The primary cause of ALS is uncertain; only
five to ten percent of ALS cases appear to
have a genetic basis.
b.
Cellularly, the underlying problem is at the
presynaptic membranes of motor neurons.
c.
ALS is a progressive disease that affects
specifically motor neurons, leaving sensory
neurons intact.
d.
None of the above is false.
ANSWER
BACK TO GAME
Topic 5:
$200 Answer
Which of the following statements regarding amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (ALS) is/are false?
a.
The primary cause of ALS is uncertain; only
five to ten percent of ALS cases appear to
have a genetic basis.
b.
Cellularly, the underlying problem is at the
presynaptic membranes of motor neurons.
c.
ALS is a progressive disease that affects
specifically motor neurons, leaving sensory
neurons intact.
d.
None of the above is false.
BACK TO GAME
Topic 5:
$300 Question
Why do physicians usually take a newborn infant into a dark room
and shine a light against the skull?
a. They are checking for anencephaly, a rare condition in
which the brain fails to develop above the
mesencephalon or lower diencephalon.
b. They are confirming the presence of fontanels of the skull
sutures, which will allow for normal brain development.
c. They are checking for the visual reflex, to confirm
adequate development of the visual association cortex in
the occipital lobe.
d. They are documenting an adequate opening of the
foramen magnum, allowing the spinal cord to continue
from the lower brain stem, pons, and medulla without
impediment.
ANSWER
BACK TO GAME
Topic 5:
$300 Answer
Why do physicians usually take a newborn infant into a dark room
and shine a light against the skull?
a. They are checking for anencephaly, a rare condition in
which the brain fails to develop above the
mesencephalon or lower diencephalon.
b. They are confirming the presence of fontanels of the skull
sutures, which will allow for normal brain development.
c. They are checking for the visual reflex, to confirm
adequate development of the visual association cortex in
the occipital lobe.
d. They are documenting an adequate opening of the
foramen magnum, allowing the spinal cord to continue
from the lower brain stem, pons, and medulla without
impediment.
BACK TO GAME
Topic 5:
$400 Question
“Global aphasia” is a disorder which results from which
of the following?
a. extensive damage to the mesencephalon and
associated neural pathways
b. damage to the prefrontal cortex and its neural
circuits
c. extensive damage to the general interpretive
area or to the associated sensory tracts
d. damage to the speech center (Broca’s area)
ANSWER
BACK TO GAME
Topic 5:
$400 Answer
“Global aphasia” is a disorder which results from which
of the following?
a. extensive damage to the mesencephalon and
associated neural pathways
b. damage to the prefrontal cortex and its neural
circuits
c. extensive damage to the general interpretive
area or to the associated sensory tracts
d. damage to the speech center (Broca’s area)
BACK TO GAME
Topic 5:
$500 Question
Which of the following is/are considered
an “unconscious” state(s) of awareness?
a. chronic vegetative state
b. somnolence
c. coma
d. b and c
ANSWER
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Topic 5:
$500 Answer
Which of the following is/are considered
an “unconscious” state(s) of awareness?
a. chronic vegetative state
b. somnolence
c. coma
d. b and c
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FINAL ROUND Question
Which of the following statements regarding major pathways of the
basal ganglia is false?
a. One group of axons synapses on the inferior colliculi of
the mesencephalon and various areas of the cerebral
cortex that control eye movements.
b. One group of axons synapses on thalamic neurons,
which then send their axons to widespread association
areas of the cerebral cortex.
c. One group of axons synapses on thalamic neurons,
which then send their axons to the premotor cortex,
which directs the activities of the primary motor cortex.
d. None of the above is false.
ANSWER
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FINAL ROUND Answer
Which of the following statements regarding major pathways of the
basal ganglia is false?
a. One group of axons synapses on the inferior colliculi of
the mesencephalon and various areas of the cerebral
cortex that control eye movements.
b. One group of axons synapses on thalamic neurons,
which then send their axons to widespread association
areas of the cerebral cortex.
c. One group of axons synapses on thalamic neurons,
which then send their axons to the premotor cortex,
which directs the activities of the primary motor cortex.
d. None of the above is false.
BACK TO GAME