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What is DNA? DNA - the genetic material required for the building, maintenance, and regulation of the cells of all living organisms. Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid DNA can come in two forms in a cell Chromatin – unpackaged DNA Chromosomes – packaged DNA Made of one unbroken DNA molecule coiled with protein molecules What is DNA? What are Genes? Genes – are sequences of DNA that code for proteins and thus determine traits. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes. Each gene is a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides. Trait – a specific characteristic of an individual Can be physical or behavioral What’s the relationship? What is the relationship between: DNA, CHROMOSOMES, GENES, AMINO ACIDS, PROTEINS, and TRAITS Organized into CHROMOSOMES Determine TRAITS DNA Sections are GENES Specific instructions to make a PROTEIN Made of AMINO ACIDS What are the parts of DNA? Nucleotides 3 component parts Sugar molecule – Deoxyribose Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Label parts &circle one nucleotide Label parts & circle model in NB What are the parts of DNA? DNA “Backbone” Sugar molecule – Deoxyribose Phosphate Group Label and circle the backbone Label your model in NB What are the parts of DNA? Nucleotide Types 4 different types Adenine – A Guanine – G Cytosine – C Thymine - T What are the base pair rules? Complementary Base Pairing Rules Also known as Chargaff’s Rule A with T G with C How are the parts connected? Connections Covalent bonds (CB) for one strand Hydrogen bonds (HB) to connect complementary base 3 HB between G and C 2 HB between A and T Label, point to a HB & CB; label model in NB Record your answers in your notebook - #19; Record answer first in notebook and then place answer on white board! Question #1 What is the name of the structure the arrow is pointing at? Answer: Phosphate Group Question #2 What is the name of the structure the arrow is pointing at? Answer: Sugar (deoxyribose) Question #3 What is the name of the structure the arrow is pointing at? Answer: Hydrogen bond Question #4 What is the name of the structure the arrow is pointing at? Answer: C (cytosine) Question #5 What is the name of the structure the arrow is pointing at? Answer: T (thymine) Question #6 What is the name of the structure the arrow is pointing at? Answer: Covalent bond Question #7 What is the complementary strand for the following? A __ A __ Answer: T T A __ G __ A __ C __ C __ T __ T __ T C T G G A A Question #8 What does DNA stand for? Answer: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Question #9 Describe the relationships among DNA, chromosomes, genes, amino acids, proteins, and traits. (you may use a flow chart or diagram to show relationships) Question #10 Using words and/or diagrams, describe the structure of DNA? Be sure to discuss: (1) the three parts of a nucleotide (2) the four types of nucleotides and their base-pairing (3) the arrangement of the nucleotides in DNA (How are the nucleotides in one strand connected? How are the two strands connected?) (4) two other key features or characteristics How is DNA copied? Replication is aided by the enzyme DNA polymerase. Steps to replication: DNA strands are separated 2. Each strand is a template and new nucleotides are added one at a time according to base pairing rules 3. Two new DNA strands form hydrogen bonds with the template strands 1. Why is DNA copied? DNA is replicated for two reasons: To go into gametes (sex cells – egg and sperm) - Meiosis To go into new cells for growth and maintenance - Mitosis Mitosis