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Chapter 8 Protein Synthesis Study Guide & Key Ideas Review Sheet (p 182 - 200) Name: _________________________________ Hour: _____ REMINDER: This sheet is DUE the day of the test!!! Extra point on the test for flashcards or Vocabulary Flipcards!!! *DNA versus RNA: Identify the differences between DNA and RNA, in terms of base pairs and overall function (figure 8.1) RNA DNA Single strand Base Pairs: C-G, A-T (Cytosine-Guanine Adenine-Thymine) Ribose sugar group *Promoters versus Terminators: Define each and then underline or circle the major clue word in each definition Promoters ____________________________________________________________________________________ Terminators ___________________________________________________________________________________ *RNA Splicing: (pg. 184) Circle one – RNA Splicing is essential in prokaryotes / eukaryotes Introns (pg 184) ___________________________________ Exons (pg. 184) ________________________________ *Codons & Anticodons(pg 198-185): Codons ___________________________________________________________ Anticodons ____________________________________________________________________________________ Transcription Translation Function Location What is needed? What is made? *How to Read a Codon Table: Always read from the __________________, to the middle, to the ________________. Chapter 8 Protein Synthesis Study Guide & Key Ideas Review Sheet (p 182 - 200) Name: _________________________________ Hour: _____ REMINDER: This sheet is DUE the day of the test!!! Extra point on the test for flashcards or Vocabulary Flipcards!!! *DNA versus RNA: Identify the differences between DNA and RNA, in terms of base pairs and overall function (figure 8.1) RNA DNA Single strand Base Pairs: C-G, A-T (Cytosine-Guanine Adenine-Thymine) Ribose sugar group *Promoters versus Terminators: Define each and then underline or circle the major clue word in each definition Promoters ____________________________________________________________________________________ Terminators ___________________________________________________________________________________ *RNA Splicing: (pg. 184) Circle one – RNA Splicing is essential in prokaryotes / eukaryotes Introns (pg 184) ___________________________________ Exons (pg. 184) ________________________________ *Codons & Anticodons(pg 198-185): Codons ___________________________________________________________ Anticodons ____________________________________________________________________________________ Transcription Function Location What is needed? What is made? Translation *How to Read a Codon Table: Always read from the __________________, to the middle, to the ________________. *Transcription/Translation: Know how to transcribe and translate a gene using the Codon Table (p187) DNA: ATC GTA CGC TAA AGC CTT DNA: _____________________________________ mRNA: _____________________________________ mRNA: CGA UAC GUA CGA UAA AUG tRNA: _____________________________________ tRNA: _____________________________________ AA: ______________________________________ AA: ______________________________________ *Types of mutations: Know the definition of each mutation and how to identify each in sentences with “typos” Types of Mutations (pg. 192-194) Deletion, duplication, Translation, Inversion, Frameshift, and Point Original Sentence: THE BOY BIT HIS TOP LIP 1. THE BOY BIT VYH IST OPL IP 3. THE BOY SIT HIS TOP LIP _____________________________________ _____________________________________ 2. THE BOY PIL POT SIH TIB 4. THE BIG BOY BIT HIS TOP LIP _____________________________________ _____________________________________ *Mutation Examples – be able to identify the type of mutation causing disorders and diseases 1. Fragile X syndrome is caused by genes that have undergone insertions of a string of 3 or 4 nucleotides repeated over and over. Specifically, a locus on the human X chromosome contains such a stretch of nucleotides in which the triplet CGG is repeated. This causes a constriction in the X chromosome, which makes it quite fragile. This type of mutation is: _________________________ 2. In sickle-cell anemia, the gene for beta globin is mutated. The resulting protein still consists of 147 amino acids, but because of the single-base mutation, the sixth amino acid in the chain is valine, rather than glutamic acid. This type of mutation is: _________________________ *Mutations – favorable, neutral or harmful? 1. Antibiotics, drugs that target specific features of bacteria, are used to treat infections. Bacteria evolve very quickly so it is not surprising that they have evolved resistance to antibiotics. Is this mutation: favorable, neutral or harmful? 2. A base pair substitution occurred changing CUU to CUC, but both code for the amino acid Leucine, so the same protein is made. Is this mutation: favorable, neutral or harmful? 3. Down’s syndrome is a chromosomal condition caused by the duplication of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. Effects include impairment of cognitive ability and physical growth, and a particular set of facial characteristics. Is this mutation: favorable, neutral or harmful? *How to Read a Codon Table: Always read from the __________________, to the middle, to the ________________. *Transcription/Translation: Know how to transcribe and translate a gene using the Codon Table (p187) DNA: ATC GTA CGC TAA AGC CTT DNA: _____________________________________ mRNA: _____________________________________ mRNA: CGA UAC GUA CGA UAA AUG tRNA: _____________________________________ tRNA: _____________________________________ AA: ______________________________________ AA: ______________________________________ *Types of mutations: Know the definition of each mutation and how to identify each in sentences with “typos” Types of Mutations (pg. 192-194) Deletion, duplication, Translation, Inversion, Frameshift, and Point Original Sentence: THE BOY BIT HIS TOP LIP 1. THE BOY BIT VYH IST OPL IP 3. THE BOY SIT HIS TOP LIP _____________________________________ _____________________________________ 2. THE BOY PIL POT SIH TIB 4. THE BIG BOY BIT HIS TOP LIP _____________________________________ _____________________________________ *Mutation Examples – be able to identify the type of mutation causing disorders and diseases 1. Fragile X syndrome is caused by genes that have undergone insertions of a string of 3 or 4 nucleotides repeated over and over. Specifically, a locus on the human X chromosome contains such a stretch of nucleotides in which the triplet CGG is repeated. This causes a constriction in the X chromosome, which makes it quite fragile. This type of mutation is: _________________________ 2. In sickle-cell anemia, the gene for beta globin is mutated. The resulting protein still consists of 147 amino acids, but because of the single-base mutation, the sixth amino acid in the chain is valine, rather than glutamic acid. This type of mutation is: _________________________ *Mutations – favorable, neutral or harmful? 1. Antibiotics, drugs that target specific features of bacteria, are used to treat infections. Bacteria evolve very quickly so it is not surprising that they have evolved resistance to antibiotics. Is this mutation: favorable, neutral or harmful? 2. A base pair substitution occurred changing CUU to CUC, but both code for the amino acid Leucine, so the same protein is made. Is this mutation: favorable, neutral or harmful? 3. Down’s syndrome is a chromosomal condition caused by the duplication of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. Effects include impairment of cognitive ability and physical growth, and a particular set of facial characteristics. Is this mutation: favorable, neutral or harmful?`