Download Chapter 12 study guide - NylandBiology2012-2013

Reading Guide 12.3-12.4
DNA, RNA and Proteins and mutations
1. Describe the 3 types of RNA.
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2. What is produced during transcription? Describe it.
3. Describe the process of transcription in both words and diagrams
4. Name and state the role of enzyme(s) involved in transcription
5. Explain why it is necessary that the mRNA be edited.
6. Explain introns and exons.
7. Compare and contrast the DNA code to the RNA code.
8. What is a codon? Where is it found? What does it code?
9. Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one codon?
10. How many “letters” make up an mRNA “word” (codon)?
11. State the number of codons that exist.
12. What happens during translation?
13. What determines the type of amino acid that is added to the polypeptide chain?
14. What do genes contain instructions for assembling?
15. Describe the process of translation in both words and diagrams
16. Describe the ribosome structure.
17. What happens to the ribosome after translation?
18. Describe gene regulation in prokaryotes.
19. Describe trp operon and lac operons.
20. Describe transcription factors
21. Describe hox genes
22. What is a point mutation?
23. What is a substitution mutation? Explain the 2 types.
24. Describe a frame shift mutation. Explain the 2 types.
25. What other types of mutations are there?
26. Describe environmental factors that could result in mutations.
27. Describe how changes in DNA could affect protein synthesis.
28. Describe how the presence of an altered protein or the absence of a specific protein could
affect an organism
29. Describe how offspring could be affected if a parent carried a mutation.