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Same DNA, Different Cells DNA contains the instructions for building all parts of the body. Every one of your cells has the same DNA code and it doesn’t change over your lifetime. Then what makes a skin cell different from a muscle cell different from a nerve cell? …GENE EXPRESSION! Different sets of active genes allows cells to use the same genetic code in different ways. Fun fact: only 10-20% of genes are active in a differentiated cell What is EPIGENETICS? Certain parts of your DNA are turned on (activated) and off (deactivated) at specific times and in specific locations by various chemical reactions. Epigenetics = the study of these chemical reactions and the factors that influence them. How does epigenetics work? DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. Both the DNA and histones are covered with chemical tags This second layer of structure = the epigenome The epigenome shapes the physical structure of the genome (all of your DNA) Epigenetic tags turn genes on & off without changing the genetic code Inactive genes = tightly wrapped … makes genes unreadable/silenced METHYL GROUPS ATTACHED Active genes = relaxed/unwound … makes genes accessible/readable ACETYL GROUPS ATTACHED Your epigenome CAN change Your DNA doesn’t change over your lifetime, but your epigenome can change. Epigenetic tags react to signals from the outside world such as: Diet Stress Physical activity Toxins Identical Twin Studies Identical twins have the same DNA since they came from a single fertilized egg. When they’re born, they have the same epigenome (chemical tags on their DNA). Over time, identical twins become increasingly different. Why? Identical Twin Studies Their environments change. Signals from the environment act on the epigenome that active/silence different genes. Diet, physical activity, exposure to toxins, stress Epigenetic example: Lick your rats! Rat pups who are highly nurtured by their mothers (licked, groomed, nursed) tend to grow up to be calm adults. Rat pups who receive little nurturing tend to grow up to be anxious. Epigenetic example: Genetically identical, but Agouti mice epigenetically All mammals have a gene called agouti. In mice, when the agouti gene is… unmethylated - it has a yellow coat, is obese, and prone to diabetes and cancer. methylated - (normal mice) it has a brown coat, and a low disease risk. different Epigenetic example: Agouti mice Pregnant yellow mice fed a methyl-rich diet produced mostly brown (normal) pups. Take-home message: The environment in the womb can influence adult health.