Download nicotine / neuroimaging 2006

NICOTINE / NEUROIMAGING 2006 <400>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007221707
Authors Okuyemi K.S. Powell J.N. Savage C.R. Hall S.B. Nollen N. Holsen L.M. McClernon F.J. Ahluwalia J.S.
Institution
(Okuyemi) Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota, United States.
(Okuyemi) Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, United States.
(Powell, Savage, Nollen) Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas, United States.
(Savage) Department of Psychiatry, University of Kansas, United States.
(Hall) Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas, United States.
(Holsen) Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.
(McClernon) Tobacco Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Duke University, Medical Center, United States.
(Ahluwalia) Office of Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, United States.
(Ahluwalia) Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States.
(Okuyemi) Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas, Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas
City, KS 66160-7370, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Enhanced cue-elicited brain activation in African American compared with Caucasian
smokers: An fMRI study.
Source
Addiction Biology. 11(1)(pp 97-106), 2006. Date of Publication: Mar 2006.
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that, although African Americans (AA) are more likely to attempt
to quit smoking than Caucasians (CC) in any given year, success rates are lower for AA.
However, factors contributing to these differences are not well known. In order to explore
potential factors, this study assessed differences in attention to smoking cues between ethnic
groups. Participants underwent morning functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning
while viewing images of AA models and CC models who were either smoking (smoking cues)
or engaging in everyday activities (neutral cues), interspersed with a fixation baseline period.
The study was conducted at the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center of the University of Kansas
Medical Center in Kansas City, KS. We studied 17 smokers (eight AA, nine CC) after 12-hour
abstinence and 17 non-smokers (eight AA, nine CC) matched by age, gender, years of
education, and handedness. The AA and CC smoking groups were also matched for number
of cigarettes smoked per day. All results are P < 0.01, corrected for whole brain. There was a
strong ethnicity by condition interaction among smokers in several a priori regions of interest.
AA smokers showed a greater increase in response to smoking (versus neutral cues) than
CC smokers in the medial prefrontal cortex, right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and bilateral
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. In smoking versus baseline contrasts, additional areas of
greater activation were found in AA, including the right amygdala and left caudate nucleus. No
significant differences in cue-elicited brain activation were found between AA and CC nonsmokers. These preliminary findings demonstrate variation in brain activation in response to
smoking cues between AA and CC smokers in structures known to be associated with
nicotine addiction. Differences in neural response may reflect fundamental differences in
attention to smoking cues, which may in turn contribute to differences in effectiveness of
nicotine dependence treatments among ethnic populations. copyright 2006 Society for the
Study of Addiction.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 11
Issue Part 1
Page 97-106
Year of Publication 2006
Date of Publication Mar 2006
ALCOHOL / NEUROIMAGING 2006 <402>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007221701
Authors Lingford-Hughes A.R. Daglish M.R.C. Stevenson B.J. Feeney A. Pandit S.A. Wilson S.J. Myles J. Grasby
P.M. Nutt D.J.
Institution
(Lingford-Hughes, Daglish, Stevenson, Feeney, Pandit, Wilson, Myles, Nutt) Psychopharmacology Unit, University
of Bristol, United Kingdom.
(Lingford-Hughes, Daglish, Stevenson, Feeney, Pandit, Grasby) MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College
School of Medicine, United Kingdom.
(Stevenson) Community Drug Team, Paget House, 2 West Street, Leicester LE1 6XP, United Kingdom.
(Myles) Addictive Behaviour and Psychological Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, United
Kingdom.
(Lingford-Hughes) Psychopharmacology Unit, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Whitson Street,
Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Imaging alcohol cue exposure in alcohol dependence using a PET <sup>15</sup>OH<sub>2</sub>O paradigm: Results from a pilot study.
Source
Addiction Biology. 11(1)(pp 107-115), 2006. Date of Publication: Mar 2006.
Abstract
Craving is a commonly used term to describe an intense desire for a substance or
behaviour; however, its underlying neurobiology is not fully characterized. We have
successfully used a cue exposure paradigm with functional neuro-imaging
(H<sub>2</sub><sup>15</sup>O PET; PET, positron emission tomography) in abstinent
opiate addicts. This study showed that salient cue exposure results in activation in the left
anterior cingulate/mediofrontal cortex and elicited craving correlated with activity in the left
orbitofrontal cortex. We therefore aimed to replicate this study in alcohol dependence to see if
a similar pattern of neural activation occurred. We recruited six abstinent alcohol-dependent
and six non-dependent subjects who each underwent a 12-run PET scan using
H<sub>2</sub><sup>15</sup>O to measure changes in regional blood flow during exposure
to an alcoholic drink or its visually matched non-alcoholic drink. Physiological data and
subjective ratings were also recorded. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM99) was used to
analyse the PET images. Compared with control subjects, abstinent alcohol-dependent
subjects rated their alcohol craving higher at baseline and throughout the study, but there was
no significant change in the scores in response to the cues in either group. SPM analysis
across all subjects showed significant activation in the occipital cortex in response to the
alcohol cue as compared with the neutral one. Analysis of the same regions that were
activated in the opiate study, revealed significant increases in signal activation in the left
medial prefrontal area, but only in abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects. In conclusion, in
abstinent alcohol dependence we suggest that a simple cue exposure paradigm is not
sufficiently powerful in functional imaging studies to determine the underlying neurobiology of
subjective craving. Comparisons with the finding in opiate dependence suggest a shared
region, the anterior cingulate/left medial prefrontal cortex is involved in the cue response in
dependent subjects but not controls. copyright 2006 The Authors.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 11
Issue Part 1
Page 107-115
Year of Publication 2006
Date of Publication Mar 2006
NEUROIMAGING 2006 <531>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2006470159
Authors Mouras H.
Institution
(Mouras) INSERM, Paris F-75005, France.
(Mouras) Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, UMR S 742, Paris F-75005, France.
(Mouras) Socio-Affective Development Group, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva,
Switzerland.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Recent advances and hypotheses regarding the neural networks involved in cruelty
and pathological aggression.
Source
Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 29(3)(pp 234), 2006. Date of Publication: Jun 2006.
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies allow examination of the cerebral networks involved in
human behavior. For pathological aggression, several studies have reported a involvement of
frontal and temporal areas, reflecting disruption of emotional regulatory systems. Recent
genetic studies that bring together reward system dysfunction and violent behavior. copyright
2006 Cambridge University Press.
ISSN 0140-525X
Publication Type Journal: Note
Journal Name Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Volume 29
Issue Part 3
Page 234
Year of Publication 2006
Date of Publication Jun 2006
NEUROIMAGING 2006 <585>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2006420814
Authors Chang L. Haning W.
Institution
(Chang) Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, United
States.
(Haning) Department of Psychiatry, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, United
States.
(Chang) Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 1356 Lusitana St.,
Honolulu, HI 96813, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Insights from recent positron emission tomographic studies of drug abuse and
dependence.
Source
Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 19(3)(pp 246-252), 2006. Date of Publication: May 2006.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent positron emission tomographic studies demonstrate a
variety of abnormalities in the brains of addicted individuals. This review aims to discuss and
highlight these findings. RECENT FINDINGS: The recent findings are as follows: (a) the
reward response to an addictive substance is associated with increased dopamine release in
the striatum. (b) Activation of the orbitofrontal region is involved in the reinforcing properties of
a drug. (c) Behavioral, cognitive and affective abnormalities are associated with alterations in
specific brain networks and regions (e.g., prefrontal cortices) in drug abusers. (d) Personality
traits may play a role in the susceptibility to addiction and the brain's responses to drugs. (e)
Sex-differences exist for cue-induced craving. (f) Several studies have confirmed decreased
D2 receptors in drug users, which is associated with increased salience to drug cues. (g)
Serotonergic transporters are decreased in the current users of 3,4-methylene-deoxymethamphetamine but found normal in the past users of 3,4-methylene-deoxymethamphetamine. SUMMARY: Abnormalities in the dopaminergic, opioid, and serotonergic
systems in drug abusers are seen in positron emission tomography scans. Decreased D2
receptor densities in drug users, whether premorbid or the consequence of substance
misuse, imply a source of the susceptibility to relapse of this population. Insights from these
studies could lead to better treatment approaches targeting specific neurotransmitter systems.
copyright 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
ISSN 0951-7367
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Current Opinion in Psychiatry
Volume 19
Issue Part 3
Page 246-252
Year of Publication 2006
Date of Publication May 2006