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Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain ©2002 Prentice Hall Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint Communication in the Nervous System Mapping the Brain A Tour Through the Brain The Two Hemispheres of the Brain Two Stubborn Issues in Brain Research ©2002 Prentice Hall Communication in the Nervous System The Structure of the Neuron How Neurons Communicate Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System ©2002 Prentice Hall The Structure of the Neuron Dendrite: Branches that receive signals and transmit to cell body Soma: Controls cell metabolism and determines firing Axon: Carries impulses away from cell body Myelin Sheath: Fatty insulation ©2002 Prentice Hall Different Kinds of Neurons Neurons vary in size and shape, depending on their location and function. More than 200 types have been identified in mammals. ©2002 Prentice Hall How Neurons Communicate Synapse: Tiny fluid filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another. Neurotransmitter: Chemical that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next. ©2002 Prentice Hall How Neurons Communicate Receptor Cells - Action Potential Sensory Nerves Interneurons Travel to Brain The receptor cells turn information into an impulse Send the impulse along the sensory nerve to the brain Interneurons Process the information Motor nerves carry out the action associated with the senstation ©2002 Prentice Hall Plasticity in Brain & Behavior Does experience really make us smarter and more well rounded? Homework: Read the case study handed out in class. Answer discussion questions for homework! ©2002 Prentice Hall Getting Connected Neurons in a newborn’s brain are widely spaced, but form connections quickly. ©2002 Prentice Hall Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System Neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft Binds to receptor site Receiving neuron becomes more (or less) likely to fire ©2002 Prentice Hall Major Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine ©2002 Prentice Hall Endorphins Chemical substances in the nervous system that are involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory, and are known technically as endogenous opioid peptides. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint The Central Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System ©2002 Prentice Hall Divisions of the Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Autonomic ©2002 Prentice Hall Nervous System Organization ©2002 Prentice Hall The Central Nervous System Central Nervous System: The portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Spinal Cord: A collection of neurons and tissue running from the base of the brain down the back, protected the spinal column. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System: The subdivision of the PNS that connects to sensory receptors and to muscles Autonomic Nervous System: The subdivision of the PNS that regulates the internal organs and glands. ©2002 Prentice Hall ©2002 Prentice Hall Hormones Hormones: Chemical substances, secreted by organs called glands, that affect the functioning of other organs. Endocrine Glands: Internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Endocrine System Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Adrenal Pancreas Ovary Testis ©2002 Prentice Hall Mapping the Brain ©2002 Prentice Hall Electroencephalogram ©2002 Prentice Hall Positron Emission Tomography Active areas have increased blood flow Radioactive isotopes (small amounts) are placed in the blood Sensors detect radioactivity Different tasks show distinct activity patterns ©2002 Prentice Hall Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic fields align certain ions and compounds When field is removed, these molecules release energy as radio waves Computer calculates tissue density from radio waves Provides clear, 3D images ©2002 Prentice Hall A Tour Through the Brain The Brain Stem The Cerebellum The Thalamus The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland The Limbic System The Cerebrum ©2002 Prentice Hall The Human Brain This view shows the brain as if split in half front-toback Inside surface of right half of brain Eyes on the left, near the word “hypothalamus” ©2002 Prentice Hall The Brain Stem Brain Stem: At the top of the spinal cord, consisting of medulla and pons Medulla: Responsible for some automatic functions, Pons: Involved in sleep, waking, and dreaming. Reticular Formation: A dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Cerebellum Cerebellum: Regulates movement and balance, and is involved in learning some simple responses. ©2002 Prentice Hall Thalamus and Hypothalamus Thalamus: Relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex. Hypothalamus: Involved in emotions and drives vital to survival; it regulates the autonomic nervous system. Pituitary Gland: Small endocrine gland at the base of the brain, which releases hormones and regulates endocrine glands. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Limbic System Limbic System: A group of brain areas involved in emotional reactions and motivated behavior. Amygdala: Involved in the regulation of emotion and the initial response to sensory information. Hippocampus: Involved in memory. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Cerebrum Occipital Lobes: Vision Parietal Lobes: body sensation Temporal Lobes: Hearing, language Frontal Lobes: Thinking, planning, movement ©2002 Prentice Hall The Case of Phineas Gage Gage was a railroad construction foreman An 1848 explosion forced a steel tamping rod through his head Others said he was “…no longer Gage…” Lost his job, worked as a sideshow exhibit ©2002 Prentice Hall The Two Hemispheres of the Brain Split Brains: A House Divided A Question of Dominance ©2002 Prentice Hall Visual Pathways Each hemisphere receives information about the opposite side of the visual field. Objects to your left put images on right side of each retina; goes to right side of brain Half of optic nerve fibers cross at the optic chiasm ©2002 Prentice Hall Split Brains: A House Divided Hemispheres of brain sometimes separated to treat severe epilepsy Split brain operation includes the optic chiasm Optic nerve no longer crosses Visual information goes only to one hemisphere Different sides of brain see different information ©2002 Prentice Hall Divided Brain, Divided View ©2002 Prentice Hall Two Stubborn Issues in Brain Research Why Do We Dream? Are There “His” and “Hers” Brains? ©2002 Prentice Hall Why Do We Dream? Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep: Sleep periods characterized by fast eye movement behind closed eyelids, loss of muscle tone, and dreaming. Activation-Synthesis Theory: Theory that dreaming results from cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain. ©2002 Prentice Hall Are There “His” & “Hers” Brains? Sex differences in the brain have been studied for many years. Many findings seem to reflect cultural bias, and change with cultural changes Reliable differences have been found in activity of certain brain areas during some tasks Example: MRI of language task, right ©2002 Prentice Hall ♂ ♀