Download Unit 8 - Macromolecules Processes

U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes
May 16, 2016
Unit 8 - Macromolecules
Processes
Molecule
Building Complex Molecules That
Comprise Living Things
Large polymer
Macromolecule made of
repeating
monomer units
Two or more
atoms joined by
chemical bonds
Four types of organic macromolecules
are important in living systems.
Macromolecules: Polymers
Made of Repeating Monomers
Macromolecule Monomer Unit
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Lipids
Fatty acids
Proteins
Amino acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes
Synthesis and Breakdown of
Macromolecules
Dehydration
Synthesis
Removal of water to add
monomer units
Hydrolysis
Addition of OH and H groups
of water to break a bond
between monomers
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Another name: Condensation
Reaction
U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes
May 16, 2016
U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes
May 16, 2016
Review:DNABasics
•
•
•
•
DeoxyriboseNucleicAcid
doublehelix
sugar-phosphatebackbone
madeupofsubunitscalled
NUCLEOTIDES
U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes
Functional Groups
Functional groups determine how a molecule will interact with other
molecules.
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U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes
3partstoanucleo.de
• 1)phosphategroup
• 2)sugar
• 3)nitrogenbase
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U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes
May 16, 2016
Nucleo.des
· Heldtogetherbyhydrogenbonds
· 2strandsheldtogetherinoppositedirec.ons
NucleoLdes
Purines:2rings
• G____________
• A____________
Pyrimidines:1ring
• C____________
• T____________
U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes
OnePYRIMIDINEpairswithonePURINE
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Example
Ifyouaregiventhefollowingsequence,whatisthe
complimentaryDNAstrand?
T
A
T
G
A
G
A
G
T
Fillinthecomplementarybasepairs
DNAReplicaLon
DNAReplica.on
• DNAHelicasebreaks
thebondsbetween
bases
• Complementarybase
pairsareaddedby
DNAPolymerase
• Produces2newDNA
moleculeseachwith
oneoriginalstrand
andonenewstrand
DNAReplica.on=processofmakingacopyof
DNA
1)DNAstrandsunwinds
2)Complimentarybasesadded
3)2iden.calDNAmoleculesmade
U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes
May 16, 2016
TheCentralDogma:
RNA
DNA
RNA
TranslaLon
TranscripLon
Protein
Why RNA?
• Ribonucleic Acid
• Single stranded
• Made up of 4 subunit nucleotides:
> Adenine
> Guanine
> Cytosine
> Uracil
DNA is too large to leave the nucleus
TypesofRNA
Types of RNA
Function
mRNA = messenger RNA
Complimentary to DNA sequence
Carries instructions to make protein
tRNA = transfer RNA
Reads mRNA sequence and translates code
into
amino acids – to be made into proteins
rRNA = ribosomal RNA
Make up ribosomes
Transcrip.on–makingRNAfromDNA
Informa.onofpartofDNAiscopiedontomRNA
1)RNApolymerase(anRNAprotein)bindstoDNAto
starttheprocess
2)DNAstrandunwinds
3)RNAreadsDNAandmakesacopy
U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes
May 16, 2016
Transla.on–processofusinginforma.onin
RNAtomakeproteins
A
G
RNAisturnedintoproteins–alsoknownasproteinsynthesis
1)Ribosome+tRNAwithanan.codonbind
An.codonbondstoacodon
T
C
U
DNA
mRNA
Transla.on–processofusing
informa.oninRNAtomakeproteins
2)newtRNAenters,an.codonreadsmRNA,makes
pep.debondwitholdtRNA
Transla.oncon.nued
4)processcon.nuesun.laSTOPCODONarrives
–UAA,UAG,orUGA
5)polymer–repea.ngunitsofpolypep.de
chainsfalloffandtheproteinismade
Processstartsalloveragainintheribosomes
3)newtRNAenters,bindstomRNA,bondswithold
tRNA,tRNAleavesbutpep.debondismade
Pep.debond–bondbetweenproteins
Goaloftransla.onistomakealongpolypep.dechain
U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes
May 16, 2016
GeneExpression–manifesta.onor
forma.onofgenesintospecifictraits
· RNAvs.DNA
RNA
DNA
Nucleic Acids
Yes
Yes
Made of Nucleotides
Yes
Yes
# of strands
1
2
Sugar
Ribose
deoxyribose
Bases
Adenine – uracil (U) Adenine – thymine
Cytosine – guanine Cytosine - guanine