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U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes May 16, 2016 Unit 8 - Macromolecules Processes Molecule Building Complex Molecules That Comprise Living Things Large polymer Macromolecule made of repeating monomer units Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds Four types of organic macromolecules are important in living systems. Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers Macromolecule Monomer Unit Carbohydrates Sugars Lipids Fatty acids Proteins Amino acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes Synthesis and Breakdown of Macromolecules Dehydration Synthesis Removal of water to add monomer units Hydrolysis Addition of OH and H groups of water to break a bond between monomers May 16, 2016 Another name: Condensation Reaction U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes May 16, 2016 U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes May 16, 2016 Review:DNABasics • • • • DeoxyriboseNucleicAcid doublehelix sugar-phosphatebackbone madeupofsubunitscalled NUCLEOTIDES U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes Functional Groups Functional groups determine how a molecule will interact with other molecules. May 16, 2016 U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes 3partstoanucleo.de • 1)phosphategroup • 2)sugar • 3)nitrogenbase May 16, 2016 U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes May 16, 2016 Nucleo.des · Heldtogetherbyhydrogenbonds · 2strandsheldtogetherinoppositedirec.ons NucleoLdes Purines:2rings • G____________ • A____________ Pyrimidines:1ring • C____________ • T____________ U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes OnePYRIMIDINEpairswithonePURINE May 16, 2016 Example Ifyouaregiventhefollowingsequence,whatisthe complimentaryDNAstrand? T A T G A G A G T Fillinthecomplementarybasepairs DNAReplicaLon DNAReplica.on • DNAHelicasebreaks thebondsbetween bases • Complementarybase pairsareaddedby DNAPolymerase • Produces2newDNA moleculeseachwith oneoriginalstrand andonenewstrand DNAReplica.on=processofmakingacopyof DNA 1)DNAstrandsunwinds 2)Complimentarybasesadded 3)2iden.calDNAmoleculesmade U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes May 16, 2016 TheCentralDogma: RNA DNA RNA TranslaLon TranscripLon Protein Why RNA? • Ribonucleic Acid • Single stranded • Made up of 4 subunit nucleotides: > Adenine > Guanine > Cytosine > Uracil DNA is too large to leave the nucleus TypesofRNA Types of RNA Function mRNA = messenger RNA Complimentary to DNA sequence Carries instructions to make protein tRNA = transfer RNA Reads mRNA sequence and translates code into amino acids – to be made into proteins rRNA = ribosomal RNA Make up ribosomes Transcrip.on–makingRNAfromDNA Informa.onofpartofDNAiscopiedontomRNA 1)RNApolymerase(anRNAprotein)bindstoDNAto starttheprocess 2)DNAstrandunwinds 3)RNAreadsDNAandmakesacopy U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes May 16, 2016 Transla.on–processofusinginforma.onin RNAtomakeproteins A G RNAisturnedintoproteins–alsoknownasproteinsynthesis 1)Ribosome+tRNAwithanan.codonbind An.codonbondstoacodon T C U DNA mRNA Transla.on–processofusing informa.oninRNAtomakeproteins 2)newtRNAenters,an.codonreadsmRNA,makes pep.debondwitholdtRNA Transla.oncon.nued 4)processcon.nuesun.laSTOPCODONarrives –UAA,UAG,orUGA 5)polymer–repea.ngunitsofpolypep.de chainsfalloffandtheproteinismade Processstartsalloveragainintheribosomes 3)newtRNAenters,bindstomRNA,bondswithold tRNA,tRNAleavesbutpep.debondismade Pep.debond–bondbetweenproteins Goaloftransla.onistomakealongpolypep.dechain U8 - Macromolecule Processes Notes May 16, 2016 GeneExpression–manifesta.onor forma.onofgenesintospecifictraits · RNAvs.DNA RNA DNA Nucleic Acids Yes Yes Made of Nucleotides Yes Yes # of strands 1 2 Sugar Ribose deoxyribose Bases Adenine – uracil (U) Adenine – thymine Cytosine – guanine Cytosine - guanine