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WARM UP “The secret of action is to begin.” 1. What does this mean to you? 2. How can you apply this to Biology II? Nerve Tissue Levels of Organization • Organism –Organ System »Organ • Tissue • Cell • Organelle • Molecule – Atom… • Each level depends on many cooperating structures at the levels below Nervous System • Quick control over all body functions – Electrochemical signals Nervous Organs • Brain – 100 billion neurons forming connections Nervous Organs • Spinal cord – Bundled neuron pathway – Protected by meninges and vertebrae Nervous Organs • Spinal cord con’t…. – Structure • White matter: axons w/ sheath • Gray matter: dendrites, cell bodies, neuroglials • Central canal Nerve Tissue • Made of connected neurons and neuroglial cells – Control over responses – Transmit electrical and chemical signals Nerve Cell – The Neuron • Dendrites receive info • Cell body, with trigger zone at end • Axon sends impulses Nerve Cell – The Neuron • Axon sends impulses – Myelin sheath, made of Schwann cells, wraps around axons and speeds up signals Electrochemical Nerve Signal • Reversal of charge – (– to + to –) • Travels down axon Electrochemical Nerve Signal • Controlled by ion flow – Sodium+ pumped in – Potassium+ pumped out Electrochemical Nerve Signal • Neurotransmitters cross synapse – Acetylcholine – Serotonin – Norepinephrine – Dopamine – GABA • Received by receptors WRAP UP • Which part of a neuron is most important, and why? WARM UP • Explain why nerve signals are described as “electrochemical.” WRAP UP • List the 3 parts of a neuron and describe the function of each.