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Mr. Carpenter’s Biology RNA 10 Name ________________ Pd ____ Chapter 10 Vocabulary Ribonucleic acid Uracil Transcription Translation Gene expression RNA polymerase Messenger RNA Codon Transfer RNA Anticodon Ribosomal RNA Chapter 10 Section 1 Notes Decoding the Information in DNA •Traits, such as eye color, are determined by proteins that are built according to instructions coded in _________________________ . •_________________________, however, are not built directly from DNA. _________________________ _________________________ is also involved. •Like DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a _________________________ —a molecule made of nucleotides linked together. •RNA differs from DNA in three ways: 1. 2. 3. •The instructions for making a protein are transferred from a gene to an RNA molecule in a process called _________________________. •Cells then use _________ different types of RNA to read the instructions on the RNA molecule and put together the amino acids that make up the protein in a process called _________________________. •The entire process by which _________________________ are made based on the information encoded in DNA is called ____________________________________, or __________________________________________________. Transfer of Information from DNA to RNA •The first step in the making of a protein, _________________________, takes the information found in a _________________________ in the DNA and transfers it to a molecule of RNA. •__________________________________, an enzyme that _________________________ and _________________________ complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription, is required. •The three steps of transcription are: Step 1 RNA polymerase binds to the gene’s _________________________. Step 2 The two DNA strands _________________________ and separate. Step 3 _________________________ _________nucleotides are added. The Genetic Code: Three-Nucleotide “Words” •Different types of ______________ are made during transcription, depending on the gene being expressed. •When a cell needs a particular protein, it is _________________________ that is made. •_________________________ is a form of RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene and delivers it to the site of _________________________. •The information is translated from the language of RNA—______________________ —to the language of proteins—_________________________. •The RNA instructions are written as a series of _________________________ sequences on the mRNA called _________________________. •The _________________________ of mRNA is the amino acids and “start” and “stop” signals that are coded for by each of the possible _________________________ _________________________. RNA’s Roles in Translation •Translation takes place in the _________________________. Here transfer RNA molecules and ribosomes help in the _________________________ of proteins. •Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are single strands of RNA that _________________________ carry a specific _________________________ on one end. •An _________________________ is a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon. •_________________________ are composed of both _________________________ and _________________________ (rRNA). •_________________________ (rRNA) molecules are RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes. •Each ribosome temporarily holds one mRNA and two tRNA molecules. •The seven steps of translation are: Step 1 The ribosomal subunits, the _________, and the _________ carrying _________________________ bind together. Step 2 The _________carrying the _________________________ specified by the codon in the A site arrives. Step 3 A peptide bond forms between adjacent _________________________. Step 4 The _________ in the P site detaches and __________ its amino acid behind. Step 5 The _________ in the A site moves to the P site. The tRNA carrying the amino acid specified by the __________ in the A site arrives. Step 6 A _________________________ is formed. The tRNA in the P site detaches and leaves its amino acid behind. Step 7 The process is repeated until a stop _________________________ is reached. The ribosome complex falls apart. The newly made protein is released. Chapter 10 Section 2 • • Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes o Both ________________________ and ________________________ cells are able to regulate which genes are expressed and which are not, depending on the cell’s needs. o The piece of DNA that overlaps the promoter site and serves as the on-off switch is called an ________________________. o In bacteria, a group of genes that code for enzymes involved in the same function, their promoter site, and the operator that controls them all function together as an ________________________. • The operon that controls the metabolism of lactose is called the ________________________. • When there is no lactose in the bacterial cell, a ________________________ turns the operon off. • A ________________________ is a protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site. Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes o Eukaryotic cells contain much more ________________________ than prokaryotic cells do. o Eukaryotic cells must continually turn certain ________________________ on and off in response to signals from their environment; however, eukaryotes lack ________________________. o Controlling the onset of transcription Most gene regulation in eukaryotes controls the onset of ________________________ —when RNA polymerase binds to a ________________________. Transcription factors (regulatory proteins in eukaryotes) help arrange RNA polymerases in the correct position on the ________________________. A gene can be influenced by many different ________________________ ________________________. An ________________________ is a sequence of DNA that can be bound by a transcription factor. Enhancers typically are located thousands of nucleotide bases away from the ________________________. A loop in the DNA may bring the enhancer and its attached transcription factor (called an activator) into contact with promoter site – which then ________________________ transcription. Enhancers for control of gene expression • In eukaryotes, many genes are interrupted by ________________________ —long segments of nucleotides that have no coding information. • ________________________ are the portions of a gene that are translated (expressed) into proteins. • After a eukaryotic gene is transcribed, the introns in the resulting mRNA are cut out by complex assemblies of RNA and protein called ________________________. DNA Mutations How does it happen??? • • • Environmental Influences such as: ______________________________________ Inherited: mutations can be passed down from _______________ to _______________ During copying of _______________, _______________ can occur Types of Mutations • • Point Mutations: A mutation in which a _______________ _______________ is changed. This mutation does not affect the ______________________________ ATG TCG CAT TGA CGA ORIGINAL DNA o Example: ATG TCG CTT TGA CGA MUTATED DNA • Results in either _______________,, _______________,, or _______________ mutations Point Mutation Results o Silent Mutation: The base pair change has _______________ _______________ on the _______________ _______________ produced. Acts as a _______________ mutation – Meaning: _________________________ Regardless of ‘A’ changing to ‘G’, the _______________ _______________ Glu- is still produced o Missense Mutation: A _______________ _______________ _______________ is produced Example: GAA codes for ______-, when the A is changed to a C, the amino acid produced is ______-. o Nonsense Mutation: The base pair change results in a _______________ _______________ being produced. This may form a ______________________________. TAA, TAG, or TGA are STOP Codons Transitions Versus Transversions • • Transition: A purine is changed to a purine (A or G) or a pyrimidine to a pyrimidine (T or C) Transversion: A purine is changed to a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine to a purine o EXAMPLES: Sickle Cell Anemia Glu- changes to Val- What type of mutation is this? Silent, missense or nonsense? Frame shift Mutations • Frame shift mutations: The reading frame is _______________ o Example: Original: THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT Mutated: THE FAT CAA TET HEW EER AT o Types: _______________, _______________, _______________ of base pairs Deletion: A _______________ base pair or _______________ of base pairs may be _______________ from a sequence of nucleotides Insertions: A _______________ base pair or _______________ of base pairs can be _______________ to a sequence of nucleotides • Insertion Mutation Example: o o A _______________ sequence is inserted into the DNA strand, resulting in ______________________________ Original: ACC ATT GGC Mutated: The abnormal _______________ produced interferes with synaptic transmission in parts of the brain leading to _______________ _______________ and loss of _______________ _______________ Duplication: A sequence of base pairs may be _______________ and _______________ into the strand of nucleotides What is more severe? Frameshift or Point Mutations? o Frameshift Mutations Alters the reading frame, thus affecting _______________ _______________ created after the point of mutation Mostly _______________ o Point Mutations Does _______________ _______________ the reading frame, with the chance of not affecting the _______________ being made Can still be fatal to the _______________, but not always Good Mutations? o Mutation of gene CCR5 – deletion of 32 pairs of nucleotides. Leads to resistance of _______________ . Stemmed from the _______________ _______________ o Mutation of _______________ _______________ cells leads to sickle cell anemia. Leads to _______________ resistance o A mutation on protein Apo-AIM helps remove _______________ from arteries, thus leading to less _______________ disease risk. o Defective _______________ genes leads to immense _______________ strength o NTRK1 gene mutation results in loss of all _______________ and _______________. Chromosomal Mutations o Occurs during _______________ of _______________ in meiosis. Types of chromosomal mutations: 1. _______________ 2. _______________ 3. _______________ 4. _______________ Translocations – _______________ chromosomes exchange parts of DNA • Causes: _______________, _______________, and radiation • Result: _______________ or _______________ Inversions - A part of a chromosome _______________,, ______________________________,, then reattaches to previous spot on chromosome • Tends to lead to increase risk of _______________ and _______________ Deletions - Genes are _______________ from the chromosome o • • • ACC CAG CAG CAG ATT GGC • • • This can occur _______________ on the chromosome Can cause disorders such as ______________________________, or “cry of the cat” syndrome. Duplications - With duplication mutations, sections of DNA are _______________ on the chromosome. Nondisjunction o Disjunction: When sperm and egg cells form, each chromosome and its homologue _______________. o Nondisjunction: When one or more chromosomes _______________ to separate properly. One gamete ends up receiving _______________ chromosomes and the other gamete receives _______________ . Types of Nondisjunction • Monosomy: A daughter cell only has _______________ chromosome instead of 2 Example of Monosomy: _______________ Syndrome / X0 – The entire X chromosome on the ______ pair is missing • Trisomy: A daughter cell has _______________ chromosomes instead of 2 o Examples of Trisomy _______________ Syndrome / Trisomy _____ _______________ Syndrome / Trisomy _____ Chapter 10 Section 1 1. DNA holds the instruction for determining what macromolecule? 2. What are two functions of proteins? a. ____________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________ 3. What does RNA stand for? _________________________________________________ 4. What is the monomer of RNA? ______________________________________________ 5. What are three ways that RNA is different from DNA? a. ____________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________ 6. In DNA, the complimentary base rules were A=T and G=C. What are the complimentary base pairing rules for RNA?______________________________ 7. The process of transferring of the coded information in a gene on a DNA strand to a RNA molecule is called? ____________________________________________ 8. The process of using two different RNA molecules to put together amino acids to make proteins is called? ______________________________________________ 9. The entire process by which proteins are made is known as? _________________ 10. During transcription, what is the function of RNA polymerase? 11. During transcription, where does the RNA polymerase begin reading the DNA sequences? 12. Where does the RNA polymerase stop? 13. Where does transcription occur in prokaryotic cells? _______________________ 14. Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells? ________________________ 15. List the three types of RNA and their function: Type of RNA a. b. c. 16. What is the language of the RNA? ___________________________________________ Function 17. What is the language of proteins? ____________________________________________ 18. How many nucleotides make up a codon? ______________________________________ 19. What is the genetic code? 20. Where does translation occur in the cell? ______________________________________ 21. What part of the tRNA is complimentary with the mRNA’s codon? ______________________ 22. What are ribosomes made of? _______________________________________________ 23. How many copies of proteins can be made from the same mRNA molecule? ________________ 24. Why is the genetic code often described as universal? Chapter 10 Section 2 1. How many genes does: a. A bacterial prokaryotic cell have? _____________________________________ b. A human eukaryotic cell have? _______________________________________ 2. The DNA that overlaps the promoter site and serves as an “on-off” switch is called? _________________________________________ 3. What three parts of a bacterial gene makes up the operon? a. __________________________________________________________ b. __________________________________________________________ c. __________________________________________________________ 4. What is the effect of lactose on the lac operon repressor protein?