Download Mr. Carpenter`s Biology RNA 10 Name

Mr. Carpenter’s Biology
RNA 10
Name ________________
Pd ____
Chapter 10 Vocabulary
Ribonucleic acid
Uracil
Transcription
Translation
Gene expression
RNA polymerase
Messenger RNA
Codon
Transfer RNA
Anticodon
Ribosomal RNA
Chapter 10 Section 1 Notes
Decoding the Information in DNA
•Traits, such as eye color, are determined by proteins that are built according to instructions
coded in _________________________ .
•_________________________, however, are not built directly from DNA.
_________________________ _________________________ is also involved.
•Like DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a _________________________ —a molecule made of
nucleotides linked together.
•RNA differs from DNA in three ways:
1.
2.
3.
•The instructions for making a protein are transferred from a gene to an RNA molecule in a
process called _________________________.
•Cells then use _________ different types of RNA to read the instructions on the RNA molecule
and put together the amino acids that make up the protein in a process called
_________________________.
•The entire process by which _________________________ are made based on the information
encoded in DNA is called ____________________________________, or
__________________________________________________.
Transfer of Information from DNA to RNA
•The first step in the making of a protein, _________________________, takes the information
found in a _________________________ in the DNA and transfers it to a molecule of RNA.
•__________________________________, an enzyme that _________________________ and
_________________________ complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription, is
required.
•The three steps of transcription are:
Step 1 RNA polymerase binds to the gene’s _________________________.
Step 2 The two DNA strands _________________________ and separate.
Step 3 _________________________ _________nucleotides are added.
The Genetic Code: Three-Nucleotide “Words”
•Different types of ______________ are made during transcription, depending on the gene being
expressed.
•When a cell needs a particular protein, it is _________________________ that is made.
•_________________________ is a form of RNA that carries the instructions for making a
protein from a gene and delivers it to the site of _________________________.
•The information is translated from the language of RNA—______________________ —to the
language of proteins—_________________________.
•The RNA instructions are written as a series of _________________________ sequences on the
mRNA called _________________________.
•The _________________________ of mRNA is the amino acids and “start” and “stop” signals
that are coded for by each of the possible _________________________
_________________________.
RNA’s Roles in Translation
•Translation takes place in the _________________________. Here transfer RNA molecules and
ribosomes help in the _________________________ of proteins.
•Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are single strands of RNA that
_________________________ carry a specific _________________________ on one end.
•An _________________________ is a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is
complementary to an mRNA codon.
•_________________________ are composed of both _________________________ and
_________________________ (rRNA).
•_________________________ (rRNA) molecules are RNA molecules that are part of the
structure of ribosomes.
•Each ribosome temporarily holds one mRNA and two tRNA molecules.
•The seven steps of translation are:
Step 1 The ribosomal subunits, the _________, and the _________ carrying
_________________________ bind together.
Step 2 The _________carrying the _________________________ specified by the codon
in the A site arrives.
Step 3 A peptide bond forms between adjacent _________________________.
Step 4 The _________ in the P site detaches and __________ its amino acid behind.
Step 5 The _________ in the A site moves to the P site. The tRNA carrying the amino
acid specified by the __________ in the A site arrives.
Step 6 A _________________________ is formed. The tRNA in the P site detaches
and leaves its amino acid behind.
Step 7 The process is repeated until a stop _________________________ is reached.
The ribosome complex falls apart. The newly made protein is released.
Chapter 10 Section 2
•
•
Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes
o Both ________________________ and ________________________ cells are
able to regulate which genes are expressed and which are not, depending on the
cell’s needs.
o The piece of DNA that overlaps the promoter site and serves as the on-off switch
is called an ________________________.
o In bacteria, a group of genes that code for enzymes involved in the same
function, their promoter site, and the operator that controls them all function
together as an ________________________.
• The operon that controls the metabolism of lactose is called the
________________________.
• When there is no lactose in the bacterial cell, a
________________________ turns the operon off.
• A ________________________ is a protein that binds to an
operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to
a promoter site.
Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes
o Eukaryotic cells contain much more ________________________ than
prokaryotic cells do.
o Eukaryotic cells must continually turn certain ________________________ on
and off in response to signals from their environment; however, eukaryotes lack
________________________.
o Controlling the onset of transcription
Most gene regulation in eukaryotes controls the onset of
________________________ —when RNA polymerase binds to a
________________________.
Transcription factors (regulatory proteins in eukaryotes) help arrange
RNA polymerases in the correct position on the
________________________.
A gene can be influenced by many different
________________________ ________________________.
An ________________________ is a sequence of DNA that can be
bound by a transcription factor.
Enhancers typically are located thousands of nucleotide bases away from
the ________________________.
A loop in the DNA may bring the enhancer and its attached transcription
factor (called an activator) into contact with promoter site – which then
________________________ transcription.
Enhancers for control of gene expression
• In eukaryotes, many genes are interrupted by
________________________ —long segments of nucleotides
that have no coding information.
• ________________________ are the portions of a gene that are
translated (expressed) into proteins.
• After a eukaryotic gene is transcribed, the introns in the resulting
mRNA are cut out by complex assemblies of RNA and protein
called ________________________.
DNA Mutations
How does it happen???
•
•
•
Environmental Influences such as: ______________________________________
Inherited: mutations can be passed down from _______________ to _______________
During copying of _______________, _______________ can occur
Types of Mutations
•
•
Point Mutations: A mutation in which a _______________ _______________ is
changed.
This mutation does not affect the ______________________________
ATG TCG CAT TGA CGA ORIGINAL DNA
o Example:
ATG TCG CTT TGA CGA MUTATED DNA
•
Results in either _______________,, _______________,, or
_______________ mutations
Point Mutation Results
o Silent Mutation: The base pair change has _______________ _______________
on the _______________ _______________ produced.
Acts as a _______________ mutation – Meaning:
_________________________
Regardless of ‘A’ changing to ‘G’, the _______________
_______________ Glu- is still produced
o Missense Mutation: A _______________ _______________ _______________
is produced
Example: GAA codes for ______-, when the A is changed to a C, the
amino acid produced is ______-.
o Nonsense Mutation: The base pair change results in a _______________
_______________ being produced. This may form a
______________________________.
TAA, TAG, or TGA are STOP Codons
Transitions Versus Transversions
•
•
Transition: A purine is changed to a purine (A or G) or a pyrimidine to a pyrimidine (T or
C)
Transversion: A purine is changed to a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine to a purine
o EXAMPLES: Sickle Cell Anemia
Glu- changes to Val- What type of mutation is this? Silent, missense or
nonsense?
Frame shift Mutations
•
Frame shift mutations: The reading frame is _______________
o Example:
Original:
THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT
Mutated:
THE FAT CAA TET HEW EER AT
o Types: _______________, _______________, _______________ of base pairs
Deletion: A _______________ base pair or _______________ of base
pairs may be _______________ from a sequence of nucleotides
Insertions: A _______________ base pair or _______________ of base
pairs can be _______________ to a sequence of nucleotides
• Insertion Mutation Example:
o
o
A _______________ sequence is inserted into the DNA
strand, resulting in ______________________________
Original:
ACC ATT GGC
Mutated:
The abnormal _______________ produced interferes
with synaptic transmission in parts of the brain leading
to _______________ _______________ and loss of
_______________ _______________
Duplication: A sequence of base pairs may be _______________ and
_______________ into the strand of nucleotides
What is more severe? Frameshift or Point Mutations?
o Frameshift Mutations
Alters the reading frame, thus affecting _______________
_______________ created after the point of mutation
Mostly _______________
o Point Mutations
Does _______________ _______________ the reading frame, with the
chance of not affecting the _______________ being made
Can still be fatal to the _______________, but not always
Good Mutations?
o Mutation of gene CCR5 – deletion of 32 pairs of nucleotides. Leads to resistance
of _______________ . Stemmed from the _______________ _______________
o Mutation of _______________ _______________ cells leads to sickle cell
anemia. Leads to _______________ resistance
o A mutation on protein Apo-AIM helps remove _______________ from arteries,
thus leading to less _______________ disease risk.
o Defective _______________ genes leads to immense _______________
strength
o NTRK1 gene mutation results in loss of all _______________ and
_______________.
Chromosomal Mutations
o Occurs during _______________ of _______________ in meiosis.
Types of chromosomal mutations:
1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
4. _______________
Translocations – _______________ chromosomes exchange parts of
DNA
• Causes: _______________, _______________, and radiation
• Result: _______________ or _______________
Inversions - A part of a chromosome _______________,,
______________________________,, then reattaches to previous spot
on chromosome
• Tends to lead to increase risk of _______________ and
_______________
Deletions - Genes are _______________ from the chromosome
o
•
•
•
ACC CAG CAG CAG ATT GGC
•
•
•
This can occur _______________ on the chromosome
Can cause disorders such as
______________________________, or “cry of the cat”
syndrome.
Duplications - With duplication mutations, sections of DNA are
_______________ on the chromosome.
Nondisjunction
o Disjunction: When sperm and egg cells form, each chromosome and its
homologue _______________.
o Nondisjunction: When one or more chromosomes _______________ to
separate properly. One gamete ends up receiving _______________
chromosomes and the other gamete receives _______________ .
Types of Nondisjunction
• Monosomy: A daughter cell only has _______________
chromosome instead of 2
Example of Monosomy: _______________
Syndrome / X0 – The entire X chromosome on
the ______ pair is missing
• Trisomy: A daughter cell has _______________ chromosomes
instead of 2
o Examples of Trisomy
_______________ Syndrome / Trisomy _____
_______________ Syndrome / Trisomy _____
Chapter 10 Section 1
1. DNA holds the instruction for determining what macromolecule?
2. What are two functions of proteins?
a. ____________________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________________________
3. What does RNA stand for?
_________________________________________________
4. What is the monomer of RNA?
______________________________________________
5. What are three ways that RNA is different from DNA?
a. ____________________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________________________
6. In DNA, the complimentary base rules were A=T and G=C. What are the
complimentary base pairing rules for RNA?______________________________
7. The process of transferring of the coded information in a gene on a DNA strand to
a RNA molecule is called? ____________________________________________
8. The process of using two different RNA molecules to put together amino acids to
make proteins is called? ______________________________________________
9. The entire process by which proteins are made is known as? _________________
10. During transcription, what is the function of RNA polymerase?
11. During transcription, where does the RNA polymerase begin reading the DNA
sequences?
12. Where does the RNA polymerase stop?
13. Where does transcription occur in prokaryotic cells? _______________________
14. Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells? ________________________
15. List the three types of RNA and their function:
Type of RNA
a.
b.
c.
16. What is the language of the RNA?
___________________________________________
Function
17. What is the language of proteins?
____________________________________________
18. How many nucleotides make up a codon?
______________________________________
19. What is the genetic code?
20. Where does translation occur in the cell?
______________________________________
21. What part of the tRNA is complimentary with the mRNA’s codon?
______________________
22. What are ribosomes made of?
_______________________________________________
23. How many copies of proteins can be made from the same mRNA molecule?
________________
24. Why is the genetic code often described as universal?
Chapter 10 Section 2
1. How many genes does:
a. A bacterial prokaryotic cell have?
_____________________________________
b. A human eukaryotic cell have?
_______________________________________
2. The DNA that overlaps the promoter site and serves as an “on-off” switch is
called? _________________________________________
3. What three parts of a bacterial gene makes up the operon?
a. __________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________
4. What is the effect of lactose on the lac operon repressor protein?