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Biology Study Guide DNA and RNA Chapter 12 Section 12-1 1. Use the following diagram to describe Griffith’s experiments and his discovery of transformation. 2. Briefly describe how Avery discovered that the DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next. Name _____________________________ Period _____ Class Notes: 3. Briefly describe the experiment that Hershey and Chase performed and what they concluded. 4. What is Chargaff’s Rule? 5. What did Franklin and Watson and Crick discover about the structure of DNA? Section 12-2 6. Use the following diagram to describe the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes. Class Notes: 7. Use the following diagram to describe how DNA is replicated. 8. What is the purpose of genes? 9. Name the three types of RNA and the function of each. Class Notes: Section 12-3 10.Describe three main differences between DNA and RNA? 11. Use the following diagram to summarize transcription. 12. Explain the process of RNA editing. Use the terms intron and exon. Class Notes: 13. Messenger RNA is made of 4 different nucleotide bases. How many nucleotide bases make up a codon? 14. How many amino acids does one codon specify? 15. Use the following diagram to summarize the process of translation. Class Notes: 16. Compare and contrast transcription and translation using the table below. Transcription Translation Type of RNA/s used Place where it occurs Product formed Section 12-4 17. What are mutations and what is the difference between gene mutations and chromosomal mutations? 18. What is a point mutation and what are three types of point mutation? Class notes: 19. What are frameshift mutations and why might they be so detrimental? 20. Describe 4 types of chromosomal mutations. Section 12-5 22. Define the term operon. 23. Under what circumstances does E. coli bacteria need to produce the lac gene? 24. Under what circumstances does E. coli not need to produce the lac gene? Class Notes: 25. How is the lac gene turned on and off? 26. What is the function of the TATA box? 27. Eukaryotic gene regulation is much more complex than prokaryotic gene regulation. Give an example of gene regulation in eukaryotes. 28. What is cell differentiation and what genes control cell differentiation during development?