Download Biology 201-Worksheet on Autonomic Nervous System

Bio 201 Tissues and Skin
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April 25, 2011
Biology 201-Worksheet on Autonomic Nervous System
(Answers are in your power point outlines-there is no key!)
1. The ANS regulates the activities of: _____________________________________________________
2. Fill in the table below comparing the Somatic efferent and ANS divisions.
SOMATIC EFFERENT
AUTOMONIC
EFFECTOR TYPE
TYPE OF CONTROL
NEURAL PATHWAY
ACTION ON EFFECTOR
NTʼS RELEASED
FIBER TYPE
3. Name the two divisions of the ANS, give the alternate name for each division, and give a general
function.
_______________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________________
________________________________
4. The ANS almost always involves two neurons in the pathway between CNS and effector. The first
neuron is called _____________________________________; the second neuron is called
_______________________________________.
5. Where do we find the cell bodies for the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division?
__________________________________________________________
6. Where do we find the cell bodies for the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?
__________________________________________________________
7. Where do we find the cell bodies for the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division?
__________________________________________________________
8. Where do we find the cell bodies for the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?
__________________________________________________________
9. What is a ganglion? _________________________________________________________________
10. What is an autonomic ganglion? _______________________________________________________
11. Name the 3 kinds of autonomic ganglia.
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
12. Give the locations of these ganglia.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
13. Answer these questions about the sympathetic pathways.
a. Where specifically in the spinal cord do the preganglionic fibers have their cell bodies?
______________________________________
b. Which root is used to exit the spinal cord?
______________________________________
c. Which nerve is used to exit the spinal cord? ______________________________________
d. From the nerve in ʻcʼ, which ramus is used first? ____________________________________
e. Which is the first ganglion encountered in any of the 4 pathways?
_____________________________________
f. Of the 4 possible pathways, those going to peripheral effectors synapse in which ganglia?
_____________________________________
g. Of the 4 possible pathways, those going to internal effectors synapse in which ganglion?
_____________________________________
h. One of the 2 internal pathways goes to a specific organ; name this organ.
_____________________________________
i. What are the target structures in the peripheral pathways?
_______________________________________________________________
j. What kind of neurons make up the gray ramus communicans?
_____________________________________
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k. What kind of neurons make up the white ramus communicans?
_____________________________________
l. Name the nerve connecting the paravertebral with the prevertebral ganglion.
_____________________________________
m. Compare the lengths of pre versus postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division.
________________________________________________________
n. Which specific region of the adrenal gland is stimulated? ____________________________
o. Which two hormones are released as a result of the event in ʻnʼ? ______________________
14. Answer the following questions about the parasympathetic division pathways.
a. Where specifically in the CNS do the preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies?
_________________________________________________
b. Where do preganglionic neurons terminate? _____________________________________
c. Compare the lengths of pre versus postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division.
____________________________________________________________________
d. Name the 4 cranial nerves associated with the cranial region of the PS. (Give numbers and
names.) ___________________________________________________________________
e. List the structures affected by these 4 cranial nerves. Give the nerve number and its function.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
f. Which of these 4 nerves controls the greatest number of structures? ___________________
g. Where do the preganglionic cell bodies originate in the spinal cord? ___________________
h. Which horn do these preganglionic cell bodies use? ________________________________
i. Which root do they use to exit the spinal cord? _____________________________________
j. Which nerve do they use to reach their target structures? ____________________________
k. List 4 structures affected by these neurons found in the spinal cord.
_____________________________________________________________________
15. Fill in the table below comparing sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
SYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC
ORIGIN
GANGLIA
RELATIVE LENGTHS OF PRE
VS POST G FIBERS
DEGREE OF BRANCHING
(RATIO OF PREG TO POSTG
FIBERS)
NTʼS RELEASED
GENERAL FUNCTION
16. Fibers that release ACh at their synapses are called: _____________________________________.
17. List 3 groups of ANS fibers that are cholinergic.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
__________________________________________________
18. Fibers that release NE at their synapses are called: ______________________________________.
19. Which ANS fibers are adrenergic? ____________________________________________________
20. Why is the effect NE produces much more widespread in the body? __________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
21. Name the two main receptor types for ACh.
______________________________________
______________________________________
22. What explains the name of nicotinic receptors? ___________________________________________
23. When nicotinic receptors are activated, what are some of the effects? _________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
24. Where specifically are nicotinic receptors found? _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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25. Label the locations of the nicotinic receptors on the figures below.
26. Which of the figures (top or bottom) represents the sympathetic division? __________________
27. Which of the figures (top or bottom) represents the parasympathetic division? ________________
28. What explains the name of the muscarinic receptors? ___________________________________
29. When muscarinic receptors are activated, what are some of the effects? _______________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
30. Where specifically are muscarinic receptors found? _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
31. Label the locations of the muscarinic receptors on the figures below.
32. Which enzyme breaks down NE at the synapse? _______________________________________
33. List the 4 specific NE receptor types and their general function.
a. ________________________ ________________________________________________
b. ________________________ ________________________________________________
c. ________________________ ________________________________________________
d. ________________________ ________________________________________________
34. What do the following terms mean?
a. sympathomimetic __________________________________________________________
b. sympathetic blocking _______________________________________________________
c. parasympathomimetic ______________________________________________________
d. parasympathetic blocking ___________________________________________________
35. What is meant by dual innervatin? __________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
36. What are a few exceptions to dual innervation? _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
37. Give the general function of the sympathetic division. ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
38. Give the general function of the parasympathetic division. _________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
39. Compare the structural designs of the S and PS divisions with regard to length of preG vewrsus postG
fibers, ratio of preG to postG fibers, and how widespread the effects of the two divisions will be when
activated. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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40. Fill in the table below on the comparison of the effects of the S and PS divisions of the ANS.
SYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC
HEART RATE
BRONCHI
BFLOW TO GI TRACT
BF TO SKELETAL MUS
LIVER
ADRENAL GLAND
PUPILS
41. What is a visceral autonomic reflex? ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
42. Outline an example of a visceral autonomic reflex identifying the stimulus, receptor, sensory pathway,
center, motor pathway, and effector.
Stimulus ________________________________________________________________
Receptor _______________________________________________________________
Sensory pathway _________________________________________________________
Center _________________________________________________________________
Motor pathway ___________________________________________________________
Effector ________________________________________________________________
43. Identify 4 levels of influence of higher controls on autonomic functions.
a. _____________________________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________________________
c. _____________________________________________________________________
d. _____________________________________________________________________
44. What is biofeedback? _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
45. Give 3 examples where biofeedback is useful. ______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Biology 201-Worksheet on General and Special Senses
(Answers are in your power point outlines-there is no key!)
1. Define stimulus. __________________________________________________________________
2. Many receptors are modified: ________________________________________________________
3. What purpose do receptors serve? ____________________________________________________
4. List the 3 ways receptors are classified.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
5. Identify the following with regard to their kind of classification (3 choices in Q 4), the kind of information
they provide, and an example.
a. Exteroceptor _______________________________________________________________
b. Interoceptor ________________________________________________________________
c. Proprioceptor _______________________________________________________________
d. Chemoreceptor _____________________________________________________________
e. Thermoreceptor _____________________________________________________________
f. Photoreceptor _______________________________________________________________
g. Mechanoreceptor ____________________________________________________________
h. Baroreceptor ________________________________________________________________
i. Nociceptor __________________________________________________________________
6. Distinguish between unencapsulated and encapsulated nerve endings. _________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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7. Identify the following receptors as encapsulated or unencapsulated, the kind of stimuli they detect, and
their location(s).
a. Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles ___________________________________________________
b. Free nerve endings ___________________________________________________________
c. Ruffini corpuscles _____________________________________________________________
d. Krauseʼs end bulbs ___________________________________________________________
e. Tactile (Merkelʼs) discs ________________________________________________________
f. Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles _________________________________________________
g. Hair receptors _______________________________________________________________
8. Answer the listed questions regarding gustation.
a. What is gustation? ___________________________________________________________
b. What kind of receptors are these? _______________________________________________
c. For molecules to be detected they must be: ________________________________________
d. What are the 5 primary sensations? ______________________________________________
e. Where in the brain do we consciously experience taste? ______________________________
9. Answer the listed questions regarding olfaction.
a. What is olfaction? ___________________________________________________________
b. What kind of receptors are these? _______________________________________________
c. For molecules to be detected they must: ___________________________________________
d. Which nerve carries this sensory information? ______________________________________
e. Where in the brain do we consciously experience olfaction? (Hint: Examine the brains in lab
and ask yourself where do these nerves go?) ________________________________________
f. What bone do the olfactory nerve fibers pass through to reach the brain? _________________
g. What part of this bone do they penetrate? _________________________________________
10. With regard to the eyeʼs external anatomy give the following information about the structures listed:
Location, function(s), brief description.
a. eyebrows _________________________________________________________________________
b. eyelids ___________________________________________________________________________
c. eyelashes _________________________________________________________________________
d. Tarsal glands ______________________________________________________________________
e. conjunctiva ________________________________________________________________________
f. Lacrimal gland ______________________________________________________________________
g. Nasolacrimal duct ___________________________________________________________________
h. Extrinsic eye muscles ________________________________________________________________
11. List the 3 tunics of the eyeball.
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
12. Name the two parts of the fibrous tunic.
________________________________
________________________________
13. Write a description of the sclera and give 3 functions. ______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
14. Write a description of the cornea and give 3 functions. _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
15. List the 3 parts of the vascular tunic.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
16. Identify the parts of the vascular tunic based on the descriptions provided.
a. Posterior layer highly vascular and pigmented. _____________________________________
b. Thickened ring of smooth muscle encircling lens. ___________________________________
c. Folds on the surface of ʻbʼ.
_____________________________________
d. Dilates or constricts to adjust light.
_____________________________________
e. Opening in center of structure in ʻdʼ.
_____________________________________
f. Anteriormost layer of tunic.
_____________________________________
g. Layer in iris that dilates pupil.
_____________________________________
h. Layer in iris that constricts pupil.
_____________________________________
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17. List the 2 layers of the retina.
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
18. Write a description of the pigmented layer and give 3 functions. _____________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
19. List the 3 sublayers of the neural layer.
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
20. What function do amacrine and horizontal cells perform? ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
21. Distinguish between the optic disc and the optic nerve. ____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
22. What is a detached retina and why is it a serious condition? ________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
23. Of the 3 sublayers of the neural layer, which layer is struck first by light?
_____________________________________
24. These photoreceptors work in dim light and detect gray tones. ______________________________
25. These photoreceptors work in bright light and detect color. _________________________________
26. Where are cones specifically found on the retina?
_____________________________________
27. Where are rods specifically found on the retina?
_____________________________________
28. Which specific area of the retina are only cones found? ___________________________________
29. Which specific area of the retina are only rods found? ____________________________________
30. Which specific area are both rods and cones found? _____________________________________
31. Compare the structure of rods and cones with regard to the inner and outer segments. ___________
___________________________________________________________________________________
32. What is the relationship between the outer segments and the pigmented layer? _________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
33. Identify the cavity, chamber, or solution of the eyeball based on the descriptions provided.
a. Ciliary processes secrete this substance.
_____________________________________
b. Houses the vitreous humor.
_____________________________________
c. This substance supports the lens, maintains eye shape, and transmits light.
_____________________________________
d. This cavity is drained by the Canal of Schlemm. ___________________________________
e. This substance, in overabundance, causes glaucoma. ______________________________
f. This cavity is in front of the iris, but behind the cornea. ______________________________
g. This cavity is in front of the lens, but behind the iris. ______________________________
h. Which cavities house aqueous humor?
_____________________________________
34. Answer the following questions of the lens.
a. What shape does your lens have?
_____________________________________
b. Which ligament suspends it?
_____________________________________
c. Which muscles change its shape?
_____________________________________
d. What is it composed of?
____________________________________________
e. What causes it to cloud?
____________________________________________
f. What is clouding of the lens called?
_____________________________________
g. What is prebyopia? __________________________________________________________
h. The name for the process where the lens changes shape is called?
_____________________________________
35. Light is one component of the ___________________________________ spectrum.
36. When light strikes an object and bounces back, this is called: _______________________________
37. When light rays are bent as they pass from one medium to another, this is called?
_____________________________________
38. Which of the eyeʼs components have the strongest refractive index? _________________________
39. Which of the eyeʼs components has a changing refractive index? ___________________________
40. Convex surfaces (converge/diverge) light rays?
_____________________________________
41. Concave surfaces (converge/diverge) light rays?
_____________________________________
42. When light is converged on a single point, this is called: ___________________________________
43. The distance from the center of the lens to the focal point is called the:
_____________________________________
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44. What happens to an image when it is passed through a convex lens? _______________________
_______________________________________________________________
45. What will be the difference in focal lengths between to the lenses below?
46. What is the main difference in how a camera focuses images verses the eye? _________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
47. Light is refracted 3 times when entering the eye before reaching the retina. These structures are:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
48. Describe what happens to light rays during distance vision, how the ciliary muscles and suspensory
ligaments respond, and the lensʼ shape. __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
49. What exact point on the retina receives the converged light rays? ___________________________
50. Describe what happens to light rays during close up vision, how the ciliary muscles and suspensory
ligaments respond, and the lensʼ shape. __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
51. What causes eyestrain? ___________________________________________________________
52. Why is it necessary to have pupilary constriction during close up vision? _____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
53. Normal vision is called: ___________________________________
54. What does the phrase 20/20 mean? __________________________________________________
55. Answer the questions below regarding myopia.
a. It is also called?
_____________________________________
b. What is the eyeball length?
_____________________________________
c. What shape does the lens maintain?
_____________________________________
d. Which objects (distant or close) are out of focus? __________________________________
e. How is this corrected? _______________________________________________________
56. Answer the questions below regarding hyperopia.
a. It is also called?
_____________________________________
b. What is the eyeball length?
_____________________________________
c. What shape does the lens maintain?
_____________________________________
d. Which objects (distant or close) are out of focus? __________________________________
e. How is this corrected? _______________________________________________________
57. What is astigmatism, what problems to people have with this condition, and how is it corrected?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
58. What is macular degeneration? ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
59. Which part of the photoreceptor is involved in housing the visual pigments? ___________________
60. Name the visual pigment of rods.
_____________________________________
61. Answer the questions about rod visual pigments and chemistry.
a. Name the two parts of rhodopsin. _______________________________________________
b. Which part is a Vitamin A derivative?
_____________________________________
c. Which part is the protein?
_____________________________________
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d. Write the chemical reaction that occurs in the dark.
_________________________________________________
e. What is the physical difference between 11 cis and all trans retinals?
_____________________________________________________________________
f. What happens to the retinal when it is struck by light photons?
_____________________________________________________________________
g. What happens to its connection with scotopsin when light strikes the retinal?
_____________________________________________________________________
62. Describe the electrical events that occur in rods in the dark. Why doesnʼt a signal reach the brain
under these conditions? ______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
63. Describe the electrical events that occur in rods in the light. Why does a signal reach the brain under
these conditions? ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
64. What is meant by the phrase “extensive neuronal convergence” with regard to night vision? ______
__________________________________________________________________________________
65. What are some advantages and disadvantages in the rod system? _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
66. What are the key differences in the cone (day vision) system of vision from the night vision system?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
67. What are the 3 kinds of cones and how are they named? __________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
68. Explain how, with only 3 cone types, we see so many different colors. ________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
69. What is color blindness? ____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
70. What is light adaptation, how does your visual structures respond, and what happens chemically to
the pigments? _______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
70. What is dark adaptation, how does your visual structures respond, and what happens chemically to
the pigments? _______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
71. What is stereoscopic vision? _________________________________________________________
72. What is meant by hemidecussation in the optic nerves? ____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
73. During visual processing what are the responsibilities of the following structures?
a. retina _____________________________________________________________________
b. superior colliculi ____________________________________________________________
c. visual cortex _______________________________________________________________
d. parietal and temporal lobes ___________________________________________________
74. Name the 3 major regions of the ear.
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
75. Identify the parts of the outer and middle ears based on the information provided.
a. Canal that penetrates the temporal bone.
____________________________________
b. Eardrum.
____________________________________
c. Secrete a brown waxy substance to protect the ear. ________________________________
d. Shell-shaped flap composed of elastic cartilage. ___________________________________
e. Connects to middle ear from nasopharynx.
_____________________________________
f. Collective name for 3 bones in middle ear.
_____________________________________
g. Two muscles found in middle ear for dampening loud, sharp sounds.
_____________________________________
h. Two membranes that separate middle from inner ear.
___________________________________________
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i. Name of ossicle attached to tympanum.
____________________________________
j. Name of ossicle attached to oval window.
____________________________________
k. Middle ossicle.
____________________________________
76. Distinguish between the bony and membranous labyrinths. _______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
77. What are the 3 regions of the inner ear?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
78. What is the general function of the Semicircular canals and Vestibular apparatus? _____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
79. Identify the specific structure based on the descriptions provided.
a. Kind of equilibrium used in perception of head orientation. __________________________
b. Kind of equilibrium used in perception of motion or acceleration.
___________________________________
c. Receptors in the semicircular canals.
___________________________________
d. Receptors in the saccule and utricle.
___________________________________
e. Straight-line accleration is detected by the:
___________________________________
f. Angular acceleration is detected by the:
___________________________________
g. Canal that detects horizontal motion.
___________________________________
h. Canal that detects vertical motion.
___________________________________
i. Canal that detects head tilting from side to side. __________________________________
80. Give a general description of how the balance and detection of acceleration mechanisms work.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
81. Name the 3 fluid-filled chambers of the cochlea.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
82. What is the specific organ of hearing (not the cochlea) called and what are the two membranes
enclosing it called? _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
83. Which duct starts at the oval window?
____________________________________
84. Which duct ends at the round window?
____________________________________
85. Identify the components of sound waves based on the descriptions provided.
a. Zone of high-density molecules.
____________________________________
b. Zone of low-density molecules.
____________________________________
c. The number of compressions that pass a given point in a specified time.
____________________________________
d. Unit of frequency.
____________________________________
e. Unit of loudness.
____________________________________
f. Distance between adjacent crests.
____________________________________
g. Energy content in a sound wave.
____________________________________
h. Frequency range for human hearing.
____________________________________
i. Difference between high point and low point in a sound wave.
____________________________________
j. Loudness range for human hearing.
____________________________________
k. Combinations of different frequencies.
____________________________________
86. Write out a general overview of sound transmission that takes APʼs to the brain. ______________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
87. When the stapes pushes inward on the oval window, what happens to detect the different frequencies
of sound? __________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
88. How is loudness of a sound determined in the inner cochlea? ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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89. Describe the functioning of stereocilia, basilar membrane, and tectorial membrane in generating APʼs.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
90. Which nerve do APʼs use to reach the brain?
______________________________________
91. What does the olivary nucleus in the medulla for binaural hearing? ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
92. What is the function of the inferior colliclus? _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
93. Where in the brain do we “hear”? _____________________________________________________