Download Bio Unit 7b DNA packet

DNA Replication Questions
1. What are the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide?
2. List the 4 nitrogen bases which make up DNA.
3. What type of bond holds the DNA strands together?
4. What “unzips” the DNA molecule?
5. If the following were part of a DNA chain, list the complementary bases necessary to pa
them to replicate the chain: A T C G C C T T A C A A T C G G
6. Describe how the two new DNA copies are like the original DNA.
Label the following parts on the DNA Replication below: Replication Fork, Parent Strand, N
Strand.
Draw in the following on the DNA Replication model below: DNA Polymerase, Helicase
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STUDY GUIDE
DNA
Match the statements on the left with the terms on the right by writing the correct letter in each blank.
c
_____
1. units that make up proteins
a. deoxyribose
d
_____
2. used to demonstrate that the DNA molecule is a helix
b. ribosomes
b
_____
3. where messenger RNA attaches during protein construction
c. amino acids
j
_____
4. pairs with cytosine
d. X rays
a
_____
5. sugar molecules in DNA
e. Watson and Crick
i
_____
6. the part of DNA that directs the making of a specific protein
f. Franklin
f
_____
7. discovered DNA was a strand of molecules in a spiral form
g. RNA
h
_____
8. used to build cells and tissues
h. protein
e
_____
9. made a working model of the DNA molecule
i. gene
g 10. contains uracil
_____
j. guanine
Complete the following sentences using the appropriate words from the textbook.
traits
11. Hair color and freckles are both ______________________________
.
12. During the making of a protein, amino acids are brought to the ribosome by
transfer RNA or tRNA
______________________________
.
sugar or deoxyribose
13. The “handrails” of each DNA strand are made up of ______________________________
and
phosphate groups
______________________________
.
mutation
14. Any permanent change in the genetic material of a cell is called a _______________________
.
nitrogen bases
15. DNA strands held together by ______________________________
are separated by an
enzyme
______________________________
when DNA copies itself.
protein
16. Changes in the order of amino acids will change the ___________________________
produced.
Messenger RNA or mRNA
17. ______________________________
carries the code for amino acids.
Genes
18. ______________________________
control proteins that build cells and tissues and work as
enzymes.
double spiral
19. The shape of a DNA molecule is a ______________________________
.
Copyright © Glencoe/ McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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RNA: Structure and Function
• RNA stands for _____________________________________
•
“________________” instructions from _______code
Structure
• Made of _________________________________
•
-Sugar (_________________)
•
-Phosphate Group (______________________ + _______________________)
•
-Nitrogen Bases:
3 Differences between DNA & RNA
1.
2.
3.
3 Types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA (___________)
Carries ____________________ of instructions for assembling
______________________
2. Ribosomal RNA (____________)
Make up _______________________, where ____________________ are
assembled
3. Transfer RNA (_____________)
Transfers _______________ ______________ to the ____________________
as coded by the mRNA
Steps of Protein Synthesis
1. Transcription:
2. Translation:
Transcription
•
A ______________________ sequence of ________ is copied into a complimentary
sequence in __________
•
Synthesis of ____________
•
_________is located in the ___________________
•
________ copies ____________
•
_______________ leaves the _______________ and travels through the
cytoplasm to the ____________________
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•
___________ complements known as _____________ (only _____ nucleotide
“letters” long)
•
Remember RNA has _________________ instead of ____________________
5 Steps to Transcription
1. RNA polymerase binds to ________ in the nucleus and separates the ________
strands
2. RNA polymerase uses _____ strand of the ______ as a template and
complimentary _______ nucleotides are assembled into single stranded ________
3. The ______ strand of ___________ separates from the ________
4. The ____ strands of _______ reunite
5. The _________ leaves the _________________, moving into the
__________________
Genetic Code
• Polypeptides:
•
________ different AA’s (Amino Acids) can combine to form a
____________________
•
Codon: ______ consecutive nucleotides on _________ that specify a single amino
acid
•
_______ possible codons. Certain codons code for “start” or “stop” the protein
•
Transcription Step 1: Write the complimentary DNA strand
A
•
C
G
T
A
T
C
G
C
G
T
A
Transcription Step 2: Using the first template DNA strand, write the complimentary
RNA sequence
A
C
G
T
A
T
C
G
C
G
T
A
Translation Overview
•
______________ is decoded into a polypeptide ________________
•
_____________ uses mRNA to synthesizes a ______________
•
Codon – ____ consecutive bases on ________
•
Anti-codon – ______ bases on ________ that are complimentary to the ________
codon
Carries ______ kind of amino acid
10 Steps to Translation
1. mRNA leaves the _________________, attaches to a ribosome in the
____________________
2. ______________finds the start codon (______)
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3. _________ with the anti-codon (complimentary to the mRNA start codon) brings in
the __________ amino acid
4. The ________________ moves down the __________ to the next codon;
__________ anti-codon brings in the ____________amino acid
5. Peptide bond forms between the ______ amino acids
6. Ribosome ________________ the ________ from the ________
7. The tRNA ______________ away from the ribosome, leaving the _____________
____________ behind
8. The next ____________ enters and binds to the next ____________ on the mRNA
9. Adding of amino acids and releasing of tRNA continues; this forms a
__________________ ______________
10. ___________________________ ends when the ribosome reaches a ________
codon
***A new polypeptide chain of protein is now complete.
Decoding Chart
________________ codon is used in a decoder chart to determine the
________________ amino acid
Start in the _____________ and work your way ________
UCC
GAC
CCA
Phenylalanine
Arginine
What would be the complementary DNA strand for the following DNA sequence? CGTATG
Mutation
Heritable change in the ____________________________ that affects genetic
information.
What do we do if there is a change?
• Some changes cause _______________
• ____________ are non-lethal - Important for diversity (survival of the fittest)
How many genes do this?
• Any gene has the _________________ to mutate
• Can happen anywhere (______________________________________________)
• Only mutations that happen in the _________ or ________ may be passed on to
your children
• Most mutations don’t change your body’s function, these are called ____________
mutations
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Types of mutations
• Deletion – one or more bases
__________________.
• Duplication – extra ___________ of
bases added.
• Inversion – bases are ________________________
• Translocation – _______________ are
moved
What causes a mutation?
• Copying mistakes during replication.
– Mutations are a natural part of
the cellular process reproduction.
The cell has tools that catch and
repair __________% of
mutations.
• Other factors may cause extra
mutations to occur or damage the
“catch and repair” mechanism
• Some mutations are the
____________ hit to a cell, for
example freckles have a mutation
already and another mutation makes the
cell potentially cancerous (doublewhammy)
What are the other factors?
• These ____________ may include:
– radiation
– chemical _______________
– UV light (_______________)
How do I stop this?
We are all mutants. The best way to prevent excessive and dangerous mutations is to avoid
prolonged UV light from the sun (use sunblock), avoid pesticides and other mutagens, and
limit radiation levels to federally acceptable levels.
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Name
Period ________
1. What is the mRNA strand that would be copied from this DNA strand?
G G C
T A T
A T C
C T G
C G C
T A T
A C G
C T A
.
2. The m in mRNA stands for
3. What is the function of mRNA?
4. Draw a picture of the building block of RNA, called a
.
5. In your picture label the following parts – ribose sugar, base, and phosphate group.
6. What are three differences between RNA and DNA?
7. What are the three types of RNA? (use both the abbreviations and names)
8. If the following strand is a tRNA, what is the sequence of the DNA strand it copied itself from?
U U A
G C G
C G G
G A U
U A A
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G C U
C G A
A U A
9. What is the function of tRNA?
10. Proteins are made up of _______________________________, which our bodies either make or come
from our food.
11. What does a rRNA do?
12. Name the two places in the cell where you can find RNA.
13. Name the place in the cell where you can find DNA.
14. Draw an mRNA strand that would complement the DNA strand CCAAT.
15. In your picture above, circle an RNA nucleotide.
16. What are the four steps of transcription?
17. Both DNA and mRNA carry information for making things – How is this information carried so that
the correct products are made?
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Name: _______________________ Row: _______
Date:_____________ Period:______
Protein Synthesis Worksheet
Directions:
1st Fill in the complimentary DNA strand using DNA base pairing rules.
2nd Fill in the correct mRNA bases by transcribing the bottom DNA code.
3rd Translate the mRNA codons and find the correct amino acid using the Codon Table
4th Write in the amino acid and the correct anti-codon the tRNA molecule.
5th The answer to the questions about protein synthesis below the amino acids.
A
T
G
G
T
A
G
C
T
A
A
C
C
T
T
C
G
A
T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. mRNA is synthesized in translation or transcription?
6. mRNA has codons or anti-codons?
C
A
G
G
A
A
T
T
G
C
T
7.
8.
9.
10.
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T
T
T
C
A
A
T
C
G
A
C
C
A
A
C
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. 1 or 3 codons equal one amino acid?
16. tRNA brings amino acids to the nucleus or ribosome?
17. A polypeptide is a sequence of proteins or amino acids?
18. tRNA has codons or anti-codons?
19. tRNA transfers amino acids during translation or transcription?
20. Ribosomes are the site where translation or transcription takes place?
G
T
A
C
T
C
A
A
G
G
T
C
T
A
G
21.
22.
23.
24.
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BreakingtheCode
DNAReplication–Foreachofthe3DNAsequencesbelow,writethesequenceofthecomp.strand
ofDNAthatresultsafterreplication.
DNAMolecule#1–
TACCGGATGCCAGATCAAATC
ComplementaryDNA#1- _____________________
DNAMolecule#2-
TACGGGGGCGTAACCACAACT
ComplementaryDNA#2- _____________________
DNAMolecule#3–
TACCTGTTAAGCTACAAAATT
ComplementaryDNA#3- _____________________
Transcription–ForeachofthesameDNAsequencesbelow,writethesequenceofmRNAcodons
thatismadeduringtranscription.
DNAMolecule#1–
TACCGGATGCCAGATCAAATC
mRNA#1-
_____________________
DNAMolecule#2-
TACGGGGGCGTAACCACAACT
mRNA#2-
_____________________
DNAMolecule#3–
TACCTGTTAAGCTACAAAATT
mRNA#3-
_____________________
Translation–ForeachofthemRNAcodonsequencesyouhavemade,determinethesequenceof
tRNAanticodonsthatmatchit.
mRNA#1- AnticodonsformRNA#1-
mRNA#2-
AnticodonsformRNA#2-
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
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mRNA#3-
_____________________
AnticodonsformRNA3-
_____________________
Usingthechartbelow,writetheaminoacidsequencecodedforbyeachmRNA
(Note:ThecodeisbasedonmRNAcodons,nottRNAanticodons.)
Polypeptide#1-_____________________
Polypeptide#2-_____________________
Polypeptide#3-_____________________
UsethischartREADINGmRNA!!
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