Download This is to serve as a general overview of important topics. I highly

This is to serve as a general overview of important topics. I highly suggest that you
review Dr. Chiu’s detailed comprehensive study guide posted on Blackboard.
DNA Replication
Where does DNA replication occur?
DNA is copied via a ____________________________ model. Other proposed models include
conservative and dispersive models. The two complementary strands are held
together ______________________ bonds. Within the DNA there bonds are __________________
(strong or weak).
Below is a picture of a nucleotide. A nucleotide consists of 3 things:
1) ________________________________________
2) _________________________________________
3) _________________________________________
Circle the 5’ and 3’ Carbon atoms
The DNA strand grows in the 5’ to 3’ direction
________________________ is the man enzyme for the leading strand and __________________
is the main enzyme for the lagging strand
o The lagging strand is synthesized away from the replication fork,
therefore it must be done is pieces

These pieces are called _______________________________________
•
____________________ (enzyme) links together these
fragments
o ______________________________ is essential because it adds an –OH to the
________ carbon
 this allows for the addition of more nucleotides
Recombination is important because it does three main things:
1) Creates genetic diversity
2) Separates harmful mutations
3) Can bring together mutations that when combined are beneficial
Review the Holliday model- Figure 13.24
Gene Conversion is a special type of __________________________________ recombination.
This conversion is (unidirectional/ bidirectional). Gene conversions usually occur
within paralogs- need to be similar in genetic sequences.
Transcription:
DNA can be in a state of heterochromatin or euchromatin
True or False:
T/F
T/F
T/F
T/F
T/F
Euchromatin is in an “open” configuration is able to be transcribed
Euchromatin has high rates of methylation
Heterochromatin is able to be transcribed
Heterochromatin is heavily methylated
The majority of our genome is the heterochromatin state
RNA is different from DNA in the following ways:
1)
2)
3)
In RNA, U replaces T. A is complementary to U; G is complementary to C. RNA may
have originally been the basis of all life, not DNA as it currently is now. RNA is the
intermediate between DNA and proteins
In transcription, how many of the DNA strands serves as a template? _________________
Match the 3 types of RNA with the polymerases that transcribe them:
___________ mRNA
A. RNA Polymerase I
__________ rRNA
C. RNA Polymerase III
__________ tRNA
B. RNA Polymerase II
Where does transcription occur? Translation?
Review the eukaryotic structural genes section on page 3 of the comprehensive
study guide.
Introns- what sequence is at the 5’ end of an intron?___________________ What sequence
is at the 3’ end? ______________________. These sequences are evolutionarily conserved.
Main 3 ways that mRNA is modified:
1)
2)
3)
What splices pre-mRNA?
Alternative splicing regulates what exons occur in the RNA transcript. What exon
sequences are always found in the mature mRNA? Which ones can be spliced out?
True or False (justify your answer)- The proteome is larger than the genome.
Review the eukaryotic structural genes section on page 3 of the comprehensive
study guide.
Transcription:
What codon acts as the “start” codon for the reading frame? What amino acid doe sit
code for?
Be able to use and make sense of
the genetic table.
It is said that the genetic code is
degenerate/redundant- what
does this mean?
What is the amino acid sequence
coded by: AUGCCUCACGGGUGG
tRNA carries anticodon sequences and is charged
with an amino acid. A tRNA with the anticodon GCC
carries what amino acid?
Where is the amino acid attachment site on a tRNA molecule? What enzyme
attaches the amino acid to the tRNA molecule?
What is the Wobble Rule?
What are the three stages of translation?
Reverse transcription turns mRNA (exons only) back into DNA. This double-
stranded DNA-RNA hybrid can get inserted back into the genome and is then known
as a processed __________________________________.
Gene Regulation
Review Dr. Chiu’s comprehensive study guide for Gene Regulation and SNPs
(lecture from 10/31/14)-pages 7-9
Epigenetics:
Epigenetics looks at the impact on genome function not based on sequence variation
but on differences of heterochromatin and euchromatin.
In the “Lick Your Rats” video, rat pups who grew to be aggressive had __________
(high/low) transcription of the GR gene. This is because this part of the genome was
in a state of ____________________________.
What is the general idea behind Waddington’s Epigenetic Landscape?
________________________________________________ is recognized as the 5th nucleotide
_________________________________ recruit methyl groups and have a pattern of
CGCGCGCG….
-
Methylation inhibits the binging of activator proteins- these proteins are
so massive that they physically can’t bind to the DNA when it is
methylated.
Genomic imprinting is the unequal expression of the maternal and paternal alleles
of a gene- DNA is imprinted with methyl groups. This leads to
_______________________________ expression (when only one allele is active).
Examples to know: Prader-Willi’s Syndrome, Angelman’s Syndrome
Population Genetics
Genotype frequency = Total number of all alleles for that gene in a population /
___________________________________________________________
Allele frequency = ____________________________________________________________________ /
Total number of all alleles for that gene in a population
Hardy-Weinburg Equations:
-Null hypothesis for evolution and makes 5 assumptions:
1) No mutations
2) No selection for traits
3) No migration
4) Population is large
5) Random mating
Uses two equations: p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p always indicates the dominant allele and q indicates the recessive allele
Sample problem:
1. You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the
homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%, calculate the
following:
A. The frequency of the "aa" genotype.
B. The frequency of the "a" allele.
C. The frequency of the "A" allele.
D. The frequencies of the genotypes "AA" and "Aa."
E. The frequencies of the two possible phenotypes if "A" is
completely dominant over "a."
If you’d like more sample problems this site has a few along with the answers:
http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/biology198/hardwein.html
What are the four evolutionary processes?
1)
2)
3)
4)
Genetic drift is the change in the frequency of alleles and is a stochastic process
True or False:
Genetic Drift has the greatest effects in large population
How likely is it that a new mutation will become fixed in a population?
Probability of fixation = 1/ _________________ , where ________ is the population size
When N=50, what is the probability of fixation of a new allele?
A new allele can also be lost from the population. Probability of elimination =
___________________________
For a neutral mutation, it will take t = ____________________ GENERATIONS (not years!)
What is the founder effect? Name one example population.
Below are some videos that may be helpful while studying:
DNA Replication and Structure (Crash Course):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M
Population Genetics (including Hardy-Weinburg Equations) (Crash Course):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhFKPaRnTdQ&index=18&list=PL3EED4C1D
684D3ADF
Also, check out khanacademy.org
- This site has awesome free videos on almost every college subject