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This is to serve as a general overview of important topics. I highly suggest that you review Dr. Chiu’s detailed comprehensive study guide posted on Blackboard. DNA Replication Where does DNA replication occur? DNA is copied via a ____________________________ model. Other proposed models include conservative and dispersive models. The two complementary strands are held together ______________________ bonds. Within the DNA there bonds are __________________ (strong or weak). Below is a picture of a nucleotide. A nucleotide consists of 3 things: 1) ________________________________________ 2) _________________________________________ 3) _________________________________________ Circle the 5’ and 3’ Carbon atoms The DNA strand grows in the 5’ to 3’ direction ________________________ is the man enzyme for the leading strand and __________________ is the main enzyme for the lagging strand o The lagging strand is synthesized away from the replication fork, therefore it must be done is pieces These pieces are called _______________________________________ • ____________________ (enzyme) links together these fragments o ______________________________ is essential because it adds an –OH to the ________ carbon this allows for the addition of more nucleotides Recombination is important because it does three main things: 1) Creates genetic diversity 2) Separates harmful mutations 3) Can bring together mutations that when combined are beneficial Review the Holliday model- Figure 13.24 Gene Conversion is a special type of __________________________________ recombination. This conversion is (unidirectional/ bidirectional). Gene conversions usually occur within paralogs- need to be similar in genetic sequences. Transcription: DNA can be in a state of heterochromatin or euchromatin True or False: T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F Euchromatin is in an “open” configuration is able to be transcribed Euchromatin has high rates of methylation Heterochromatin is able to be transcribed Heterochromatin is heavily methylated The majority of our genome is the heterochromatin state RNA is different from DNA in the following ways: 1) 2) 3) In RNA, U replaces T. A is complementary to U; G is complementary to C. RNA may have originally been the basis of all life, not DNA as it currently is now. RNA is the intermediate between DNA and proteins In transcription, how many of the DNA strands serves as a template? _________________ Match the 3 types of RNA with the polymerases that transcribe them: ___________ mRNA A. RNA Polymerase I __________ rRNA C. RNA Polymerase III __________ tRNA B. RNA Polymerase II Where does transcription occur? Translation? Review the eukaryotic structural genes section on page 3 of the comprehensive study guide. Introns- what sequence is at the 5’ end of an intron?___________________ What sequence is at the 3’ end? ______________________. These sequences are evolutionarily conserved. Main 3 ways that mRNA is modified: 1) 2) 3) What splices pre-mRNA? Alternative splicing regulates what exons occur in the RNA transcript. What exon sequences are always found in the mature mRNA? Which ones can be spliced out? True or False (justify your answer)- The proteome is larger than the genome. Review the eukaryotic structural genes section on page 3 of the comprehensive study guide. Transcription: What codon acts as the “start” codon for the reading frame? What amino acid doe sit code for? Be able to use and make sense of the genetic table. It is said that the genetic code is degenerate/redundant- what does this mean? What is the amino acid sequence coded by: AUGCCUCACGGGUGG tRNA carries anticodon sequences and is charged with an amino acid. A tRNA with the anticodon GCC carries what amino acid? Where is the amino acid attachment site on a tRNA molecule? What enzyme attaches the amino acid to the tRNA molecule? What is the Wobble Rule? What are the three stages of translation? Reverse transcription turns mRNA (exons only) back into DNA. This double- stranded DNA-RNA hybrid can get inserted back into the genome and is then known as a processed __________________________________. Gene Regulation Review Dr. Chiu’s comprehensive study guide for Gene Regulation and SNPs (lecture from 10/31/14)-pages 7-9 Epigenetics: Epigenetics looks at the impact on genome function not based on sequence variation but on differences of heterochromatin and euchromatin. In the “Lick Your Rats” video, rat pups who grew to be aggressive had __________ (high/low) transcription of the GR gene. This is because this part of the genome was in a state of ____________________________. What is the general idea behind Waddington’s Epigenetic Landscape? ________________________________________________ is recognized as the 5th nucleotide _________________________________ recruit methyl groups and have a pattern of CGCGCGCG…. - Methylation inhibits the binging of activator proteins- these proteins are so massive that they physically can’t bind to the DNA when it is methylated. Genomic imprinting is the unequal expression of the maternal and paternal alleles of a gene- DNA is imprinted with methyl groups. This leads to _______________________________ expression (when only one allele is active). Examples to know: Prader-Willi’s Syndrome, Angelman’s Syndrome Population Genetics Genotype frequency = Total number of all alleles for that gene in a population / ___________________________________________________________ Allele frequency = ____________________________________________________________________ / Total number of all alleles for that gene in a population Hardy-Weinburg Equations: -Null hypothesis for evolution and makes 5 assumptions: 1) No mutations 2) No selection for traits 3) No migration 4) Population is large 5) Random mating Uses two equations: p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p always indicates the dominant allele and q indicates the recessive allele Sample problem: 1. You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%, calculate the following: A. The frequency of the "aa" genotype. B. The frequency of the "a" allele. C. The frequency of the "A" allele. D. The frequencies of the genotypes "AA" and "Aa." E. The frequencies of the two possible phenotypes if "A" is completely dominant over "a." If you’d like more sample problems this site has a few along with the answers: http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/biology198/hardwein.html What are the four evolutionary processes? 1) 2) 3) 4) Genetic drift is the change in the frequency of alleles and is a stochastic process True or False: Genetic Drift has the greatest effects in large population How likely is it that a new mutation will become fixed in a population? Probability of fixation = 1/ _________________ , where ________ is the population size When N=50, what is the probability of fixation of a new allele? A new allele can also be lost from the population. Probability of elimination = ___________________________ For a neutral mutation, it will take t = ____________________ GENERATIONS (not years!) What is the founder effect? Name one example population. Below are some videos that may be helpful while studying: DNA Replication and Structure (Crash Course): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M Population Genetics (including Hardy-Weinburg Equations) (Crash Course): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhFKPaRnTdQ&index=18&list=PL3EED4C1D 684D3ADF Also, check out khanacademy.org - This site has awesome free videos on almost every college subject