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Cognitive information processing A result of several influences • Especially: – Learning theory • S-R; S-O-R – Computer science/Information processing • Turing • Intelligent machines – Information theory • Shannon/Bell Labs Proposes: • Sensory input is transformed into meaning through a series of actions you perform – Mainly in the brain, but not all – The processes are in a relatively invariant order – All people follow the same set of processes of thinking – However, the outcomes can be quite different Four major types of info processing theories • • • • Stage theory Depth of processing theory Parallel distributed processing theory Connectionist models Stage theory • Argues for three major types of memory – Sensory memory – Short-term memory – Long-term memory Levels-of-processing • All information is stored, problem is in retrieval • Retrieval is based on the amount of elaboration used in processing of information • Perception, attention, labeling, meaning Parallel distributed processing theory • Simultaneous processing by several different parts of memory system rather than sequentially Connectionistic theory • Information is stored in multiple locations throughout the brain in the form of networks of connections • More connections to a single idea or concept, the more likely it is to be stored and retrieved General principles • Limited capacity to be actively processed at a given time – Bottlenecks • Control mechanism—part of the system’s processing capacity must be assigned to a control mechanism Source: Huitt