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PORTFOLIO 2 / page 1 UNIT 2 Hereditary material: DNA, RNA and protein synthase Session 1 Reading evidence. Chapter 12 DNA “The arsenic-loving bacteria” _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 12.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes Answer the questions in plenary. Answer the following questions. 1What is DNA? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2Why is it considered that DNA is the cellular basis of life? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3What is a gene? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4What is the role of DNA in inheritance? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 5How do genes work? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Define: Transformation ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 1 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 2 Bacteriophage ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Session 2 Experiments and contributions. Flowchart A flowchart is a way to show the steps in a process. As you read Lesson 1, think about all the experiments that scientists performed to understand the job of DNA in cells. Reflect on what scientists learned from each experiment. The three flowcharts below summarize these experiments. Complete each flowchart with a sentence that describes either the experiment or its results. Researcher Results Experiment Griffith Some chemical factor changed bacteria. Avery DNA is the molecule that changed bacteria. Hershey and Chase Bacterial transformation. Labeled nucleic acids in viruses with radioactive isotopes of phosphorous32. Answer the questions about Griffith’s experiment. 1. Griffith killed some disease-causing bacteria. He then mixed these dead bacteria with harmless bacteria that were alive. When he injected this mixture of bacteria into laboratory mice, what happened? 2. After the experiment described above, what did Griffith conclude? Portfolio 2 / page 2 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 3 12.1 Assessment 1- a. Review List the conclusions that Griffith and Avery drew from their experiments. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Identify Variables What was the experimental variable that Avery used when he repeated Griffith’s work? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2- a. Review What conclusion did Hershey and Chase draw from their experiments? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Infer Why did Hersheys and Chase grow viruses in cultures that containes both radioactive phosphorus and radioactive sulfur? What might have happened if they had used only one radioactive substance? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3- a. Review What are the three key roles of DNA? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Apply Concepts Why would the storage of genetic information in genes help explain why chromosomes are separated so carefully during mitosis? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Answer the following questions: 1What is bacterial transformation? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2What conclusion reached Frederick Griffith and Oswald Avery from their experiments? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3How is transformation stored in DNA? Portfolio 2 / page 3 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 4 ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 12.2 The Structure of DNA Session 3 Diagnostic activity – DNA- Answer the following questions. 1What are the chemical components of DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2What experiments led to the elucidation of the structure of DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3What is a nucleotide? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ DNA Components Answer the following questions. 1What are the basic components of DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2What is a nucleotide made of? ______________________________________________________________________________ 3What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4How are the nitrogenous bases of DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5What type of bond links the nucleotides? ______________________________________________________________________________ 6What is the DNA structure? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 4 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 5 Solving the structure of DNA Nucleic Acid and Nucleotides DNA is made of long chains of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains three basic parts: a base, a deoxyribose molecule, and a phosphate group. There are four different bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Only one base is found in each nucleotide. Follow the directions. 1. In the diagram below, the sequence of nucleotides has the code AGCT. Color the diagram using this key: deoxyribose: red guanine: orange phosphate group: blue thymine: black adenine: yellow cytosine: green 2. Circle one complete nucleotide. Answer the questions. 3. Circle the correct answers. What two parts do all nucleotides have in common? guanine deoxyribose phosphate group 4. Each nucleotide is connected to the next nucleotide. The connection is found between A. sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate of another B. base of one nucleotide and sugar of another C. phosphate groups of two nucleotides 5. What are the parts of a DNA nucleotide? __________ Portfolio 2 / page 5 _____________________________ PORTFOLIO 2 / page 6 Session 4 Important contributions Discovery of DNA structure Fill in the following chart with the contributions of the scientist that discover the DNA’s double helix molecule. Scientist Contributions Erwin Chargaff Rosalind Franklin James Watson and Francis Crick Other The Double Helix Model Build a model!! You will need the following material to develop this activity. Materials Needed: - 52 beads per student (26 of two different colors) ) - 24 beads per student (6 of 4 different colors) - 18” per student (May use 20 gauge floral wire already cut to 18” pieces) - 20” per student - 1 per student -nose pliers & wire cutters (1 for each group), plastic containers for the beads (small and large), small plastic cups for holding beads, Your teacher will show you a power point presentation to make a DNA model key chain. Follow the instructions and have fun. 12.2 Assessment 1- a. Review List the chemical components of DNA. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 6 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 7 ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Relate Cause and Effect Why are hydrogen bonds so essential to the structure of DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2- a. Review Describe the discoveries that led to the modeling of DNA. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Infer Why did scientists have to use the tools other than microscopes to solve the structure of DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3- a. Review Describe Watson and Crick’s model of the DNA molecule. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Apply Concepts. Did Watson and Crick’s model account for the equal amounts of thymine and adenine in DNA? Explain. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 7 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 8 12.3 DNA Replication Session 5 Diagnostic activity –DNA replication- How do cells copy their DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Copying the code The Role of Enzymes Enzymes have several important jobs in DNA replication. The jobs of some enzymes are listed below. Write the jobs in the order in which they occur. join free nucleotides to existing DNA strand unwind DNA unzip DNA 1. 2. 3. The diagram below shows the replication of DNA. Look carefully at the diagram. Nitrogenous bases Original strand Replication fork DNA polymerase New strand Direction of Replication Direction of Replication New strand DNA polymerase Original strand Replication fork Portfolio 2 / page 8 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 9 Answer the questions. 4. In your own words, define the word replicate. 5. Enzymes usually end in -ase. What is the name of the enzyme that joins individual nucleotides? 6. Circle the correct answer to complete the sentence. A(n) is the place where a DNA strand opens to make new strands. original strand old strand replication fork Replication Replication in Living Cells Draw a flow chart using the following statements: - Replication fork, - New databases are added to each line, - Original DNA molecule - Produce two bands of DNA identical to the original one. - The DNA polymerase enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs. When finished compare your diagram with your classmates and make any corrections. Fill in the chart and compare and contrast replication in prokaryote and eukaryote. Prokaryotes DNA Location DNA Amount Point where replication begins Portfolio 2 / page 9 Eukaryotes PORTFOLIO 2 / page 10 Replication in Living Cells Replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells During replication, a DNA molecule copies itself. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into chromosomes within the nucleus. In prokaryotes, DNA is a circular molecule that is free in the cytoplasm. Follow the directions. 1. Label one diagram as Prokarytic DNA. 2. Label the other as Eukaryotic DNA. 3. Label both drawings with the following terms: unreplicated DNA, replication fork, origin of replication. Answer the questions. Circle the correct answers. 4. In which type of cell is DNA circular? prokaryotic eukaryotic 5. In which type of cell does replication begin at several points? prokaryotic eukaryotic 12.3 Assessment 1- a. Review How is DNA replicated? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Apply Concepts What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2- a. Review Where and in what form is prokaryotic DNA found? Where is eukaryotic DNA found? ______________________________________________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 10 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 11 ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Infer What could be the result of damaged DNA being replicated? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3- Fill in the Venn diagram that compares the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Compare the location, steps and end products of the process in each kind of cell. Review questions Answer the following questions: 1Why is base pairing during replication essential for the transmission of traits from parents to children in inheritance? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2Is photocopying a document analogous to DNA replication? If so why? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 11 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 12 Chapter 12 Assessment 1called abcd- The process by which one strain of bacterium is apparently changed into another strain is 2- Bacteriophages are A form of bacteria Enzymes Coils of DNA Viruses abcd- Transcription Transformation Duplication Replication 3Which of the following researches used radioactive markers in experiments to show that DNA was the genetic material in cells? a- Frederick Griffith b- Oswald Avery c- Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase d- James Watson and Francis Crick 4Before DNA could definitively be shown to be the genetic material in cells, scientists had to show that it could a- Tolerate high temperature b- Carry and make copies of information c- Be modified in response to environmental conditions d- Be broken down into small subunit 5Briefly describe the conclusion that could be drawn from the experiments of Frederick Griffith. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6What was the key factor that allowed Hershey and Chase to show that DNA alone carried the genetic information of a bacteriophage? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7- A nucleotide does NOT contain Portfolio 2 / page 12 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 13 abcd- A 5- carbon sugar An amino acid A nitrogen base A phosphate group abcd- According to Chargadd’s rule of base pairing, which of the following is true about DNA? A=T and C=G A=C, and T=G A=G and T=C A=T=G=C abcd- The bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together come from The attraction of phosphate groups for each other. Strong bonds between nitrogenous bases and the sugar- phosphate backbone Weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases Carbon- to- carbon bonds in the sugar portion of the nucleotides. 8- 9- 10Describe the components and structure of a DNA nucleotide. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 11Explain how Chargaff’s rule of base pairing helped Watson and Crick model DNA. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 12What important clue from Rosalind Franklin’s work helped Watson and Crick develop their model of DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 13Why is it significant that the two strands of DNA are antiparallel? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 14- In prokaryotes, DNA molecules are located in the a- Nucleus Portfolio 2 / page 13 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 14 b- Ribosomes c- Cytoplasm d- Histones 15- abcd- In eukaryotes, nearly all the DNA is found in the Nucleus Ribosomes Cytoplasm histones The diagram below shown the process of DNA Replication Digestion Transformation Transpiration abcd- The main enzyme involved in linking individual nucleotides into DNA molecules is DNA protease Ribose Carbohydrate DNA polymerase abcd16- 17- 18What is meant by the term base pairing? How is base pairing involved in DNA replication? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 19Describe the appearance of DNA in a typical prokaryotic cell. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 20Explain the process of replication. When a DNA molecule is replicated, how do the new molecules compare to the original molecule? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 21Compare and contrast describe the similarities and differences between DNA replication in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Portfolio 2 / page 14 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 15 ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis 13.1 RNA Session 6 Diagnostic activity. Chapter 13 Answer the following questions. 1What is a code? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2What is RNA? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ RNA Synthesis In transcription, RNA polymerase separates the two DNA strands. RNA then uses one strand as a template to make a complementary strand of RNA. RNA contains the nucleotide uracil instead of the nucleotide thymine. Follow the directions. 1. Label the RNA 2. Label the DNA. on the diagram. 3. Use the key to label the missing nucleotides marked RNA polymerase Portfolio 2 / page 15 Key DNA RNA PORTFOLIO 2 / page 16 Answer the questions. Circle the correct answer. 4. In DNA, is always paired with cytosine. adenine guanine 5. In RNA, replaces thymine. uracil cytosine 6. In DNA, is paired with adenine. uracil thymine uracil adenine guanine The role of RNA Complete the following table with the differences between RNA and DNA Nucleic Acid Sugar Number of Bands Nitrogenous bases RNA DNA Discuss the answers and make any improvements or correct any mistakes. Types of RNA Fill in the chart organizer to identify the types of RNA and its role in protein synthesis. Type Function RNA Portfolio 2 / page 16 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 17 Session 7 RNA Synthesis In DNA replication a cell copies its DNA. Both strands of the double helix are used as templates to make complementary, or matching, strands of DNA. In DNA transcription a single strand of DNA is used as a template to generate a strand of mRNA. Follow the directions. 1. Fill in the missing information. One row has been completed for you. Template Complementary DNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) TTACGG AATGCC AAUGCC GGCGGC ACGUAG AGACTC GATAAG CUGGCUACA Answer the questions. 2. What is the mRNA if the complementary DNA is TCTGAG? 3. What does a cell copy in DNA replication? 4. How many strands of DNA are used to make complementary strands of DNA? 5. How does the cell make RNA? ___ ___ ___ 6. What are introns? ___ 7. What are exons? ___ Follow the directions. Create your own example of DNA. Fill in the chart. Template Complementary DNA Portfolio 2 / page 17 Messenger RNA (mRNA) PORTFOLIO 2 / page 18 13.1 Assessment 1- a. Review Describe three main differences between RNA and DNA. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Explain List the three main types of RNA, and explain what they do. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ c. Infer Why is it important for a single gene to be able to produce hundreds or thousands of the same RNA molecules? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2- a. Review Describe what happens during transcription. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Predict What do you think would happen if introns were not removes from pre-mRNA? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 18 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 19 13.2 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis Session 8 Diagnostic activity – ribosomes and protein synthesisAnswer the following questions: 1What is the genetic code? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2What is a polypeptide? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 3What is a codon? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 4What is an anticodon? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Bases The genetic code If there are four bases used (adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil), how many combinations can there be made? _______ Combine three bases in different orders. Find the possible combinations. And write them down. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ How many combinations are formed? _______________ What nitrogen bases are involved?____________________ What codon marks the start of the translation of a message? _________________________ Identify in the diagram codons that mark the end of a message. _______________________________________ What anticodon is assembled with AUG? _______________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 19 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 20 Codon The Genetic Code A codon is a group of three nucleotide bases in messenger RNA. Each codon corresponds to one amino acid. Follow the directions. 1. Circle each codon in the diagram of RNA below. A U G U C G A A C Answer the questions. Circle the letter of the correct answer. 2. What is a polypeptide? A. a chain of amino acids B. a chain of enzymes 3. What does the letter A stand for in the genetic code? A. amino acid B. adenine 4. Can a codon contain two of the same nucleotide bases? A. yes Translation Session 9 B. no Translation During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodons match to messenger RNA (mRNA) codons. Each tRNA molecule can carry one particular amino acid. The amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide. Number the four tRNA anticodons in the order in which they should appear to match the codons in the mRNA strand. List the amino acids in the order they would appear in the polypeptide coded for by the mRNA. ________ _________ Portfolio 2 / page 20 _________ _________ PORTFOLIO 2 / page 21 13.2 Assessment 1- a. Review How does a cell interpret the genetic code? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Explain What are codons and anticodons? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ c. Apply Concepts Using the table in Figure 13-6, identify the amino acids specified by codons: UGG, AAG, and UGC. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2-a. Review What happens during translation? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Compare and contrast How is protein synthesis different from DNA replication? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3- a. Review Why is the genetic code considered universal? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Explain What does the term gene expression mean? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ c. Infer In what way does controlling the protein in an organisms control the organism’s characteristics? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ What are the general characteristics of the genetic code? Portfolio 2 / page 21 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 22 ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Compare the transcription and translation with the process of publishing a book. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 13.3 Mutations Session 10 Diagnostic Activity - Mutations Answer the following questions: 1What happens when there are changes in the cell’s DNA? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2What happens when mutation occurs? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Types of mutations Define the following terms: Mutation _____________________________________________________________________ Point Mutation ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Mutagens ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Translocation _________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Substitution __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Frameshift mutation ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 22 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 23 Polyploidy ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Insertion _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Chromosomal mutation _________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Effects of mutations Session 11 Answer the following questions: 1What are the two main types of mutations? What do they have in common? How do they differ? _______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2What are the conditions or diseases that result from most types of mutations? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 3What distinguishes a mutation for deletion from a substitution mutation? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 4Can mutations have a positive effect? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Types of mutations Gene mutations produce a change in one gene. Point mutations produce gene mutations that involve a change in one or more nucleotides. Point mutations also occur at only one point in the DNA sequence. The diagram below shows an original chromosome and three possible point mutations. Follow the directions. 1. Use the words in the box to add headings to the three lower parts of the diagram. insertion deletion Portfolio 2 / page 23 substitution PORTFOLIO 2 / page 24 Complete the sentences. Use the terms from the box above. 2. In a(n) , one base is changed to a different base. 3. In a(n) , a base is inserted into the DNA sequence. 4. In a(n) , one base is removed from the DNA sequence. Answer the questions. 5. Which of the following can result in a frameshift mutation? Circle each correct answer. A. deletion B. substitution C. insertion 6. Why is a frameshift mutation more damaging than a substitution? ___ ___ Chromosomal mutations Mutations that change whole chromosomes are called chromosomal mutations. The diagrams below show chromosomal mutations. Each diagram represents an original chromosome and a possible mutation of the chromosome. AB C DE F A C AB C DE F AE D CB F AB C DE F ABC J K L DE F Original Chromosome Original Chromosome Inversion Original Chromosome AB C DE F DE F Deletion Translocation Portfolio 2 / page 24 A B B C Duplication DE F PORTFOLIO 2 / page 25 Follow the directions. 1. Use the diagrams to help you complete the table. Mutation Description deletion Part of the chromosome is lost. Extra copies of a part of a chromosome are made. Part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. Sections of a chromosome are reversed. Answer the questions. 2. Which types of mutations can add genes to a chromosome? 3. Which type of mutation can take genes away from a chromosome? 4. Which type of mutation changes the order of the genes, but not the number of genes in a chromosome? 13.3 Assessment 1- a. Review Describe the two main types of mutations. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Explain What is a frameshift mutation? Give an example. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ c. Infer The effects of a mutation are not always visible. Choose a species, and explain how a biologist might determine whether a mutation has occurred and, if so, what type of mutation is. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2- a. Review List three effects mutations can have on genes. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 25 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 26 b. Apply Concepts What is the significance of mutations to living things? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ A mutation is caused in the DNA of an organisms that changes a base of the sequence in a protein coding region of CAC to CAT. What is the effect of the mutation in the final protein? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Think Visually Complete the following flowchart about protein synthesis: 1. Translation begins at the star codon. The polypeptide is complete. 2. Chapter 13 Assessment 1- The process by which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA is called a- Translation b- Transcription. c- Transformation d- Replication. 2Which of the following describes RNA? a- RNA is usually double- stranded and contains the base thymine b- RNA is usually single- stranded and contains the base uracil. c- RNA is longer than DNA and uses five bases to encode information. d- RNA is made in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and stays there to carry out its functions. 3Describe the function of each of the three types of RNA. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 26 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 27 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________ How does the enzyme that makes RNA know where to start transcribing the DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________ Compare introns and exons. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________ Apply Concepts Suppose you start with the DNA strand ACCGTCAC. Use the rules of base pairing to list the bases on a messenger RNA strand transcribed from this DNA strand. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________ Predict Look at the first intron in the diagram below. What would happened to the protein produced bye the mRNA molecule if the intron were not removed but functioned instead as an exon? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________ In messenger RNA, each codon specifies a particular a- Nucleotide b- Enzyme c- Amino acid d- Promoter The numer of codon in the genetic code is a- 3 b- 4 c- 20 d- 64 Which of the following statement about the genetic code is true? a- A codon can specify more than one amino acid. b- Every codon specifies a different amino acid. c- Some codons specify the same amino acid d- Some codons have no function at all. The process of making proteins on the ribosome based on instructions from messenger RNA is called a- Transcription b- Transformation c- Translation d- Molecular biology What is a codon? Portfolio 2 / page 27 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 28 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ How do anticodons function? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ If a code on a DNA molecule for a specific amino acid is CTA, what would the messenger RNA codon be? The transfer RNA codon? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Explain why controlling the proteins in an organism controls the organism’s characteristics. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Predict A researcher identifies the nucleotide sequence AAC in a long strand of RNA inside a nucleus. In the genetic cod, AAC codes for the amino acid asparagines. When the RNA becomes involved in protein synthesis, will asparagines necessarily appear in the protein? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Changes in DNA sequence that affects genetic information are known as a- Replication b- Mutations c- Transformations d- Translations A single- base mutation is a messenger RNA molecule could transcribe the DNA sequence CAGTAT into a- GTCATA b- GUCAUA c- GTCUTU d- GUAAUA A substance that can cause a change in the DNA code of an organism is called a a- Toxin b- Mutagen c- Nitrogenous base d- Nucleotide Portfolio 2 / page 28 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 29 20- 21- 22- 23- 24- 25- 26- 27- Name and give examples of two major types of mutations. What do they have in common? How are they different? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ How does a deletion mutation differ from a substitution mutation? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Can mutations have a positive effect? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Compare and Contrast How does the possible impact of a chromosomal mutation that occurs during meiosis differ from that of a similar event that occurs during mitosis of a body cell that is not involved in reproduction? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Apply Concepts A mutation is the DNA of an organism changes one base sequence in a protein- coding region from CAC and CAT. What is the effect of the mutation on the final protein? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ An expressed gene a- Functions as a promoter. b- In transcribed into RNA c- Codes for just one amino acid. d- Is made or mRNA A group of genes that are reculated together is called a(n) a- Promoter b- Operon c- Intron d- Allele To turn on the lactose- digesting enzymes of E. colli, the lactose must first Portfolio 2 / page 29 PORTFOLIO 2 / page 30 28- 29- 30- 31- 32- 33- a- Bind to the repressor b- Bind to the DNA of the bacterium c- Separate from the repressor d- Initiate the synthesis of messenger RNA Blocking gene expression in eukaryotes with microRNA strands is called RNA. a- Transcription b- Translation c- Interference d- Digestion How is gene expression controlled in prokaryotes? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ What is meant by the term cell specialization? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Describe how TATA box helps position RNA polymerase in a eukaryotic cell. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ What is a homeobox gene? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Apply concepts The number of promoter sequences, enhancer sites, and the TATA box in eukaryotes make gene regulation in these organisms far more complex than regulation in prokaryotes. Why is regulation in eukaryotes so much more sophisticated? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Portfolio 2 / page 30