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Transcript
CHAPTER 3 CELLS 3.2 Cell Organelles KEY CONCEPT Eukaryotic cells share many similarities. Cells have an internal structure. • The cytoskeleton has many functions • supports and shapes • cell helps position and transport organelles • provides strength • assists in cell division • aids in cell movement • Three main types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton. • Microtubules – long hollow tubes Give cell shape Act as “tracks” for the movement of organelles • Intermediate filaments Smaller then Microtubules Give cell strength • Microfilaments Smallest of 3 Tiny threads that help cell move and divide Recall that Cytoplasm also helps shape the cell • Cytoplasm aids in structure • The fluid portion mostly water is called cytosol • Gives structure to cells by exerting pressure on the cell walls of plants Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • Much of the cell is dedicated to making proteins • Recall proteins are made from 20 amino acids • Proteins are very powerful because of their almost limitless variety of shapes and interactions • Proteins carry out many critical functions • Need to be made correctly • Nucleus • Control center “brain of cell” • Stores genetic information - DNA. • Nucleolus • Dark spots in nucleus Ribosomes are made here • Endoplasmic reticulum • Interconnected network of thin folded membranes • Transports materials throughout the cell • Produce lipids and proteins Two Types of ER • Rough ER • Smooth ER • Contains ribosomes • NO ribosomes • Makes and transports • Makes and transports proteins lipids • Golgi apparatus • Closely layered stacks of membrane enclosed spaces • Looks like a stack of pancakes • Proteins are sorted, processed, and delivered • Packaging and distribution center of the cell • Ribosomes • Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins. • Proteins synthesis – they’re made here! • Vesicles • Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold and transport materials. Other organelles have various functions. • Mitochondria • Supply energy to the cell. • Via respiration – glucose + oxygen = energy • Vacuoles • Fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. • Lysosomes • Break down worn out cell parts • Contain enzymes to digest material (bacteria). • Centrioles • Centrosomes small regions in cytoplasm • Tubes found in the centrosomes. • Centrioles help divide DNA • Centrioles form cilia and flagella Plant cells differ slightly from animal cells. • Plant cells have: • Cell walls • Chloroplasts • Central vacuole • Cell wall • Protects, supports and shapes cell • Made of cellulose – (what is that?) • Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy. How? Photosynthesis Magnified • Food for thought! • Chloroplast/Mitochondria • Both have their own DNA and ribosomes • Were they once separate organisms???????