Post-Translational Modifications of the TAK1-TAB Complex
... CaMKII activates TAK1 remain unclear, although several studies have supported the importance of the TAK1-NLK axis in the regulation of Wnt signaling [39–41]. Hypoxia also induces TAK1 activation via CaMKII, which contributes to hypoxia-induced NF-κB activation [42]. The hypoxia-induced activation of ...
... CaMKII activates TAK1 remain unclear, although several studies have supported the importance of the TAK1-NLK axis in the regulation of Wnt signaling [39–41]. Hypoxia also induces TAK1 activation via CaMKII, which contributes to hypoxia-induced NF-κB activation [42]. The hypoxia-induced activation of ...
The RING Domain of Mdm2 Can Inhibit Cell
... biquitin chains that are necessary for recognition by the proteasome (20). One possibility is that mono-ubiquitination of p53 is required to expose a nuclear export signal, and that p53 polyubiquitination and degradation then proceed in the cytoplasm (21–23). Because Mdm2 is a direct transcriptional ...
... biquitin chains that are necessary for recognition by the proteasome (20). One possibility is that mono-ubiquitination of p53 is required to expose a nuclear export signal, and that p53 polyubiquitination and degradation then proceed in the cytoplasm (21–23). Because Mdm2 is a direct transcriptional ...
Posttranslational Modification of MDM2
... number of human tumors underscoring its pivotal involvement in the development of human disease (1 – 6). The principal function of MDM2 is that of an E3 ubiquitin ligase which, together with the p300 ‘‘transcriptional co-activator’’ protein (in its capacity as an E4 ligase), mediates the ubiquitinat ...
... number of human tumors underscoring its pivotal involvement in the development of human disease (1 – 6). The principal function of MDM2 is that of an E3 ubiquitin ligase which, together with the p300 ‘‘transcriptional co-activator’’ protein (in its capacity as an E4 ligase), mediates the ubiquitinat ...
Host cell interactions of outer membrane vesicle-associated
... the virulence proteins from OMVs (S2 Fig). In contrast to the other virulence factors, the serine protease EspPα produced by strain 5791/99 (S1 Table) showed no OMV association and only occurred as an OMV-free protein (Fig 1B). OptiPrep density gradient fractionation of O157 OMVs and analyses of the ...
... the virulence proteins from OMVs (S2 Fig). In contrast to the other virulence factors, the serine protease EspPα produced by strain 5791/99 (S1 Table) showed no OMV association and only occurred as an OMV-free protein (Fig 1B). OptiPrep density gradient fractionation of O157 OMVs and analyses of the ...
Cbp3–Cbp6 interacts with the yeast mitochondrial ribosomal tunnel
... as a docking site for a variety of biogenesis factors. This is well documented in bacteria (Kramer et al., 2009). The interactors of the tunnel exit of bacterial ribosomes can be classified into three different groups, namely (1) processing enzymes like ...
... as a docking site for a variety of biogenesis factors. This is well documented in bacteria (Kramer et al., 2009). The interactors of the tunnel exit of bacterial ribosomes can be classified into three different groups, namely (1) processing enzymes like ...
Print
... to the same organelle were published. Among these, in 1898 Benda coined it with the name mitochondrion (26), coming from the Greek words mitos (meaning thread) and chondron (grain). This term considers the most common morphological features of this organelle and was broadly used and accepted to desc ...
... to the same organelle were published. Among these, in 1898 Benda coined it with the name mitochondrion (26), coming from the Greek words mitos (meaning thread) and chondron (grain). This term considers the most common morphological features of this organelle and was broadly used and accepted to desc ...
Investigations on Mitochondrial Pleomorphy and
... fluctuations in light, sugar and O2. Light and sugar are shown to induce fission whereas a greento-red photo-convertible mEos fluorescent protein targeted to mitochondria (mitoEos) reveals that hypoxia induces fusion, leading to giant mitochondria. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is shown to be a med ...
... fluctuations in light, sugar and O2. Light and sugar are shown to induce fission whereas a greento-red photo-convertible mEos fluorescent protein targeted to mitochondria (mitoEos) reveals that hypoxia induces fusion, leading to giant mitochondria. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is shown to be a med ...
Negative regulators of integrin activity - Journal of Cell Science
... Even though factors that keep integrins inactive or that are able to switch activated integrins back into an inactive conformation are likely to be as biologically important as integrin activators for regulating the dynamic nature of integrin function (Fig. 2), they have been studied less than the i ...
... Even though factors that keep integrins inactive or that are able to switch activated integrins back into an inactive conformation are likely to be as biologically important as integrin activators for regulating the dynamic nature of integrin function (Fig. 2), they have been studied less than the i ...
How autophagy both activates and inhibits cellular
... opposite manner to regulate cellular senescence. Thus, autophagy inhibition could result in different outcomes depending on the timing, duration, or type of its inhibition. Our recent findings suggest this may in fact be the case. While exploring regulators of cellular senescence, we identified a tran ...
... opposite manner to regulate cellular senescence. Thus, autophagy inhibition could result in different outcomes depending on the timing, duration, or type of its inhibition. Our recent findings suggest this may in fact be the case. While exploring regulators of cellular senescence, we identified a tran ...
Cell Calcium Viral calciomics: Interplays between Ca2+ and virus
... (NCX) [85,86]. During virus infection, viral proteins may readily target mitochondria and exert either pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic action by altering mitochondrial Ca2+ levels. A modest increase of ER-mitochondria Ca2+ flux may boost ATP production by activating Ca2+ -dependent Kreb’s cycle dehyd ...
... (NCX) [85,86]. During virus infection, viral proteins may readily target mitochondria and exert either pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic action by altering mitochondrial Ca2+ levels. A modest increase of ER-mitochondria Ca2+ flux may boost ATP production by activating Ca2+ -dependent Kreb’s cycle dehyd ...
Direct redox modulation of p53 protein: potential sources of redox
... radiation, reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), heat shock and hypoxia alter the redox potential of the cell. Recently, it has been shown that some of these stressors promote direct oxidation of specific protein cysteine residues resulting in either up-regulation or down-regulation of protein activi ...
... radiation, reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), heat shock and hypoxia alter the redox potential of the cell. Recently, it has been shown that some of these stressors promote direct oxidation of specific protein cysteine residues resulting in either up-regulation or down-regulation of protein activi ...
Golgins and GTPases, giving identity and structure to the Golgi
... but autoantibodies to them may well arise as a result of the breakdown of the Golgi during apoptosis and necrosis leading to the generation of multiple antigenic fragments from the repetitive coiled-coil domains [13]. More recently, several additional examples of coiled-coil proteins localizing to t ...
... but autoantibodies to them may well arise as a result of the breakdown of the Golgi during apoptosis and necrosis leading to the generation of multiple antigenic fragments from the repetitive coiled-coil domains [13]. More recently, several additional examples of coiled-coil proteins localizing to t ...
PDF
... 2007). Although the mechanisms by which autophagy leads to cell death are unclear in most cases, they may involve the targeted destruction of factors required for cell survival (Yu et al., 2006). Future studies are required to understand the different contexts under which autophagy can promote eithe ...
... 2007). Although the mechanisms by which autophagy leads to cell death are unclear in most cases, they may involve the targeted destruction of factors required for cell survival (Yu et al., 2006). Future studies are required to understand the different contexts under which autophagy can promote eithe ...
A three-stage model of Golgi structure and function
... into four classes: cis, medial, trans, and TGN (Farquhar and Hauri 1997). Each class of cisterna is considered to house a different set of processing enzymes. This model has some experimental support. For example, a study of the yeast pro-a-factor mating pheromone precursor tracked sequential proces ...
... into four classes: cis, medial, trans, and TGN (Farquhar and Hauri 1997). Each class of cisterna is considered to house a different set of processing enzymes. This model has some experimental support. For example, a study of the yeast pro-a-factor mating pheromone precursor tracked sequential proces ...
Autophagy and pancreatitis
... LAMP-2 hamper the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, resulting in vacuole accumulation and cardiomyopathy (100). Mucolipidosis type II (“I-cell disease”) is a rapidly progressive and fatal lysosomal storage disorder characterized by impaired delivery of acid hydrolases to the lysosome, their ex ...
... LAMP-2 hamper the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, resulting in vacuole accumulation and cardiomyopathy (100). Mucolipidosis type II (“I-cell disease”) is a rapidly progressive and fatal lysosomal storage disorder characterized by impaired delivery of acid hydrolases to the lysosome, their ex ...
- Gastroenterology
... investigated whether cathepsin L (CTSL) can also process trypsinogen to active trypsin and has a role in pancreatitis. METHODS: In CTSL-deficient (Ctsl⫺/⫺) mice, pancreatitis was induced by injection of cerulein or infusion of taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. Human tissue, pancreatic juice, mo ...
... investigated whether cathepsin L (CTSL) can also process trypsinogen to active trypsin and has a role in pancreatitis. METHODS: In CTSL-deficient (Ctsl⫺/⫺) mice, pancreatitis was induced by injection of cerulein or infusion of taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. Human tissue, pancreatic juice, mo ...
Sanguinarine (Pseudochelerythrine) Is a Potent Inhibitor of NF
... light, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and okadaic acid (OA) activates the transcription factor. NF-kB is a ubiquitous transcription factor that regulates the expression of various cytokines, their receptors, major histocompatibility complex genes, cell adhesion proteins, and other gene products in ...
... light, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and okadaic acid (OA) activates the transcription factor. NF-kB is a ubiquitous transcription factor that regulates the expression of various cytokines, their receptors, major histocompatibility complex genes, cell adhesion proteins, and other gene products in ...
Deep Insight Section Mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells
... Figure 2. Regulation of autophagy and its relationship with signaling molecules and apoptotic mediators. In the presence of amino acids, growth factors and energy, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) represses autophagy by inhibiting the kinase activity of ULK1. In contrast, in the absence of amino acids an ...
... Figure 2. Regulation of autophagy and its relationship with signaling molecules and apoptotic mediators. In the presence of amino acids, growth factors and energy, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) represses autophagy by inhibiting the kinase activity of ULK1. In contrast, in the absence of amino acids an ...
Mitochondrial pleomorphy in plant cells is driven
... so far in plants, at least two major factors have been wellcharacterized. These are Fission1, a tail-anchored membrane protein (hFis1 in mammals: Yoon et al., 2003; Stojanovski et al., 2004; Fis1p in yeast: Mozdy et al., 2000; Tieu and Nunnari, 2000; Fis1/BIGYIN in plants: Scott et al., 2006) and a ...
... so far in plants, at least two major factors have been wellcharacterized. These are Fission1, a tail-anchored membrane protein (hFis1 in mammals: Yoon et al., 2003; Stojanovski et al., 2004; Fis1p in yeast: Mozdy et al., 2000; Tieu and Nunnari, 2000; Fis1/BIGYIN in plants: Scott et al., 2006) and a ...
The actin cytoskeleton is a target of the self
... Received 26 April 2002; Accepted 11 July 2002 ...
... Received 26 April 2002; Accepted 11 July 2002 ...
Erythropoietin critically regulates the terminal
... erythrocytes. However, the persistence of circulating primitive erythroblasts raises questions about the role of erythropoietin/EpoR in primitive erythropoiesis. Using Epor-null mice and a novel primitive erythroid 2-step culture we found that erythropoietin is not necessary for specification of pri ...
... erythrocytes. However, the persistence of circulating primitive erythroblasts raises questions about the role of erythropoietin/EpoR in primitive erythropoiesis. Using Epor-null mice and a novel primitive erythroid 2-step culture we found that erythropoietin is not necessary for specification of pri ...
Mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and cardiovascular disease
... Abstract Cardiac hypertrophy is often initiated as an adaptive response to haemodynamic stress or myocardial injury, and allows the heart to meet an increased demand for oxygen. Although initially beneficial, hypertrophy can ultimately contribute to the progression of cardiac disease, leading to an ...
... Abstract Cardiac hypertrophy is often initiated as an adaptive response to haemodynamic stress or myocardial injury, and allows the heart to meet an increased demand for oxygen. Although initially beneficial, hypertrophy can ultimately contribute to the progression of cardiac disease, leading to an ...
Nuclear Factor-κB Modulates the p53 Response in Neurons
... et al., 2000). Taken together, this evidence implicates DNA damage as one key initiator of neuronal death. However, the mechanism or mechanisms that regulate this death are not fully understood. Neuronal death is controlled by a complex series of events, which include both pro-apoptotic and anti-apo ...
... et al., 2000). Taken together, this evidence implicates DNA damage as one key initiator of neuronal death. However, the mechanism or mechanisms that regulate this death are not fully understood. Neuronal death is controlled by a complex series of events, which include both pro-apoptotic and anti-apo ...
Endogenous Drp1 Mediates Mitochondrial Autophagy and Protects
... To further evaluate the effect of Drp1 downregulation upon autophagosome formation, CMs were transduced with Ad-GFP-LC3. The number of GFP-LC3 dots was low at baseline and there was no statistically significant difference between Ad-shScr- and Ad-shDrp1-transduced CMs (Figure 2B). However, there was ...
... To further evaluate the effect of Drp1 downregulation upon autophagosome formation, CMs were transduced with Ad-GFP-LC3. The number of GFP-LC3 dots was low at baseline and there was no statistically significant difference between Ad-shScr- and Ad-shDrp1-transduced CMs (Figure 2B). However, there was ...
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (/ˌæpəˈtoʊsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ἀπό apo, ""by, from, of, since, than"" and πτῶσις ptōsis, ""fall"") is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay.In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytic cells are able to engulf and quickly remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage.Between 50 and 70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult. For an average child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20 billion to 30 billion cells die a day.Research in and around apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s. In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases. Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy, whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer.Some factors like Fas receptor, caspases (C-cysteine rich, asp- aspartic acid moiety containing, ase – proteases) etc. promote apoptosis, while members of Bcl-2 inhibit apoptosis.