From Myocarditis to Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms of Inflammation
... infection.13 Cytokine mRNA, such as that of interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- , and interferon (IFN)- , is already induced 3 days after inoculation, when few cell infiltrates are seen.14 15 Subacute Phase of Viral Myocarditis (Days 4 to 14) After viral invasion of the myocardium, the ...
... infection.13 Cytokine mRNA, such as that of interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- , and interferon (IFN)- , is already induced 3 days after inoculation, when few cell infiltrates are seen.14 15 Subacute Phase of Viral Myocarditis (Days 4 to 14) After viral invasion of the myocardium, the ...
The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (TNFAIP3) is a central regulator of
... Because NF-kB activation is so crucial to many cellular processes, it is not surprising that a tight regulation of this pathway and the genes it induces is an absolute requirement. To achieve this, cells employ a multilayered control system to keep NF-kB signaling in check, and the combined action o ...
... Because NF-kB activation is so crucial to many cellular processes, it is not surprising that a tight regulation of this pathway and the genes it induces is an absolute requirement. To achieve this, cells employ a multilayered control system to keep NF-kB signaling in check, and the combined action o ...
New insights into regulation of p53 protein degradation
... Regulation of p53 protein degradation provided evidence for p53 proteasomal degradation regardless of its ubiquitination status in regulating process. The proteasome is a large, multi-catalytic protease that degrades proteins to small peptides, which containing a 20S proteasome subunit and two 19S ...
... Regulation of p53 protein degradation provided evidence for p53 proteasomal degradation regardless of its ubiquitination status in regulating process. The proteasome is a large, multi-catalytic protease that degrades proteins to small peptides, which containing a 20S proteasome subunit and two 19S ...
Detecting Peptidases and Proteases
... and does not appear to require any invasive techniques such as osmotic shock to gain entrance into the cytoplasm ( ). Caspase-8 Substrates Caspase-8 plays a critical role in the early cascade of apoptosis, acting as an initiator of the caspase activation cascade. Activation of the enzyme itself is a ...
... and does not appear to require any invasive techniques such as osmotic shock to gain entrance into the cytoplasm ( ). Caspase-8 Substrates Caspase-8 plays a critical role in the early cascade of apoptosis, acting as an initiator of the caspase activation cascade. Activation of the enzyme itself is a ...
Cell regulation by the Apc protein Apc as master regulator of epithelia
... complex has not been clear. A number of recent papers employing largely biochemical and structural approaches have shed significant light on this question. The central region of the Apc protein contains three distinct types of repeats that are essential to its role in the negative regulation of Wnt ...
... complex has not been clear. A number of recent papers employing largely biochemical and structural approaches have shed significant light on this question. The central region of the Apc protein contains three distinct types of repeats that are essential to its role in the negative regulation of Wnt ...
Stat3/Cdc25a-dependent cell proliferation promotes embryonic axis
... affording a new tool to study related human diseases. ...
... affording a new tool to study related human diseases. ...
Dishevelled: at the crossroads of divergent
... rhoA and strabismus (stbm) are required for planar polarity generation in all tissues (Adler et al., 1990; Gubb, 1993; Strutt et al., 1997; Wolff and Rubin, 1998). Unlike dsh, these genes do not display wg phenotypes. In addition, several genes have been identi®ed that are required for planar polari ...
... rhoA and strabismus (stbm) are required for planar polarity generation in all tissues (Adler et al., 1990; Gubb, 1993; Strutt et al., 1997; Wolff and Rubin, 1998). Unlike dsh, these genes do not display wg phenotypes. In addition, several genes have been identi®ed that are required for planar polari ...
1 - Utrecht University Repository
... intermediate-affinity state, or a high-affinity state for ligand. The different states are in a dynamic equilibrium, and the conformational change that mediates the transition from the low-affinity state to the intermediate-/high-affinity state is called ‘integrin activation’. Integrin activation ca ...
... intermediate-affinity state, or a high-affinity state for ligand. The different states are in a dynamic equilibrium, and the conformational change that mediates the transition from the low-affinity state to the intermediate-/high-affinity state is called ‘integrin activation’. Integrin activation ca ...
Mammalian Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal
... The insulin/mitogen-regulated extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK) pathway was the first mammalian MAPK pathway to be identified. This pathway is largely regulated by the monomeric GTPase Ras which recruits MAP3Ks of the Raf family to activate two MEKs: MEK1 and MEK2. These, in turn, activate ...
... The insulin/mitogen-regulated extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK) pathway was the first mammalian MAPK pathway to be identified. This pathway is largely regulated by the monomeric GTPase Ras which recruits MAP3Ks of the Raf family to activate two MEKs: MEK1 and MEK2. These, in turn, activate ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics
... history of the organelle. Mitochondria are descended from a-proteobacteria (Zimmer 2009; see also Chap. 1), and studies of extant species, such as Escherichia coli, show that cytokinesis is carried out by proteins such as filamentous temperaturesensitive Z (FtsZ), a bacterial tubulin homologue (Bi a ...
... history of the organelle. Mitochondria are descended from a-proteobacteria (Zimmer 2009; see also Chap. 1), and studies of extant species, such as Escherichia coli, show that cytokinesis is carried out by proteins such as filamentous temperaturesensitive Z (FtsZ), a bacterial tubulin homologue (Bi a ...
Classes of programmed cell death in plants
... merge, and the merging of intermediate size vacuoles into a big one. Single membrane-bound vesicles are often observed in the small and large vacuoles (van Doorn et al., 2011). The cytoplasm thereby becomes replaced by vacuolar volume. Considerable numbers of cytoplasmic organelles, in particular, p ...
... merge, and the merging of intermediate size vacuoles into a big one. Single membrane-bound vesicles are often observed in the small and large vacuoles (van Doorn et al., 2011). The cytoplasm thereby becomes replaced by vacuolar volume. Considerable numbers of cytoplasmic organelles, in particular, p ...
as Hotspot Ca 2+ Signaling Units
... membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria [1]. The resting cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) is maintained around the value of 100 nM, significantly lower than extracellular [Ca2+] (1 mM). This condition is achieved through active extrusion of Ca2+ by the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPas ...
... membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria [1]. The resting cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) is maintained around the value of 100 nM, significantly lower than extracellular [Ca2+] (1 mM). This condition is achieved through active extrusion of Ca2+ by the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPas ...
Isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacterial pathogens
... Isoprenoids are a large, diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals which are essential for cell survival. Over 35 000 isoprenoid molecules have been identified to date in the three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes), and they are involved in a wide variety of vital biolo ...
... Isoprenoids are a large, diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals which are essential for cell survival. Over 35 000 isoprenoid molecules have been identified to date in the three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes), and they are involved in a wide variety of vital biolo ...
Mechanisms for the Carcinostatic Activity of Se
... was first to be researched in the United States because of the consequences of selenium accumulation by plants from soils. These selenium-accumulating plants had such an adverse effect upon grazing cattle, sheep and horses that they impacted the livelihood OF RANCHERS in the intermountain area of th ...
... was first to be researched in the United States because of the consequences of selenium accumulation by plants from soils. These selenium-accumulating plants had such an adverse effect upon grazing cattle, sheep and horses that they impacted the livelihood OF RANCHERS in the intermountain area of th ...
Vertebrate Virus-Encoded MicroRNAs and Their Sequence
... (ncRNAs) has indicated the importance of RNA molecules in many steps of gene regulation (1). Among the ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) are very small molecules of approximately 20 ribonucleotides, which function posttranscriptionally by hybridizing to their target mRNAs. Typically, miRNAs repress the tra ...
... (ncRNAs) has indicated the importance of RNA molecules in many steps of gene regulation (1). Among the ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) are very small molecules of approximately 20 ribonucleotides, which function posttranscriptionally by hybridizing to their target mRNAs. Typically, miRNAs repress the tra ...
Direct Interaction between Survivin and Smac/DIABLO Is Essential
... BamHI/SalI sites of pGEX-5X-3 to yield pGEX-5X-3/Surv-BIR. Gene fragments coding for wild type Survivin, for mutant Survivin (SurvD71R) with a point mutation at amino acid residue 71, for the truncated Survivin (Surv-BIR) lacking its C-terminal and Smac/DIABLO were also cloned into pEGFP-C1 plasmid, ...
... BamHI/SalI sites of pGEX-5X-3 to yield pGEX-5X-3/Surv-BIR. Gene fragments coding for wild type Survivin, for mutant Survivin (SurvD71R) with a point mutation at amino acid residue 71, for the truncated Survivin (Surv-BIR) lacking its C-terminal and Smac/DIABLO were also cloned into pEGFP-C1 plasmid, ...
Apoptotic and Epigenetic Induction of Embryo Failure Following
... determine the level of reprogramming that occurs in cloned embryos. Our results demonstrate that cloned embryos have abnormalities in reprogramming following cloning for some important genes. This observation provides further support for the notion that the inefficiency of the cloning process may be ...
... determine the level of reprogramming that occurs in cloned embryos. Our results demonstrate that cloned embryos have abnormalities in reprogramming following cloning for some important genes. This observation provides further support for the notion that the inefficiency of the cloning process may be ...
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: GENETIC REGULATION OF AUTOPHAGIC CELL... Sudeshna Dutta, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008
... mammalian Apaf-1, which is a caspase-9 cofactor in the presence of cytochrome c and ATP, and this complex is commonly known as the apoptosome (Li et al., 1997; Rodriguez et al., 1999; Zou et al., 1997). Ced-9 is a member of the BCL-2 family of the cell death regulators (Hengartner and Horvitz, 1994; ...
... mammalian Apaf-1, which is a caspase-9 cofactor in the presence of cytochrome c and ATP, and this complex is commonly known as the apoptosome (Li et al., 1997; Rodriguez et al., 1999; Zou et al., 1997). Ced-9 is a member of the BCL-2 family of the cell death regulators (Hengartner and Horvitz, 1994; ...
The mitochondrial compartment - Plant Mitochondrial dynamics
... membrane. An additional finding was confirmation that the cristae were connected to the inner boundary membrane (cortical inner mitochondrial membrane, parallel to the outer membrane) by membranous tubules, instead of the cristae being simple in-folds of the membrane as suggested by Palade (1952). D ...
... membrane. An additional finding was confirmation that the cristae were connected to the inner boundary membrane (cortical inner mitochondrial membrane, parallel to the outer membrane) by membranous tubules, instead of the cristae being simple in-folds of the membrane as suggested by Palade (1952). D ...
manipulation of respiratory burst of neutrophils using c1
... Figure 4-20 Effects of 0.2% Triton X-100 and 0.1mM EDTA on activity of extracted PMN SOD or bovine erythrocytes SOD...................................................................................... 79 Figure 4-21 Effects of Triton X-100 on extracted SOD from WBC and EDTA. ................... 80 ...
... Figure 4-20 Effects of 0.2% Triton X-100 and 0.1mM EDTA on activity of extracted PMN SOD or bovine erythrocytes SOD...................................................................................... 79 Figure 4-21 Effects of Triton X-100 on extracted SOD from WBC and EDTA. ................... 80 ...
Stepwise Activation of BAX and BAK by tBID, BIM, and PUMA
... (BAX-dependent apoptosis) (Figure S2). Interestingly, L63E mutation at the BH3 domain also rendered BAX localized at the mitochondria, but it totally abolished the proapoptotic activity (Figures 1B and 1C). To determine the molecular basis underlying the functional differences between these two mito ...
... (BAX-dependent apoptosis) (Figure S2). Interestingly, L63E mutation at the BH3 domain also rendered BAX localized at the mitochondria, but it totally abolished the proapoptotic activity (Figures 1B and 1C). To determine the molecular basis underlying the functional differences between these two mito ...
Rb is required for progression through myogenic differentiation but
... both MyoD and MEF2 transcriptional activity, as well as maintaining the terminally differentiated state (Schneider et al., 1994; Novitch et al., 1996, 1999). Although pRbdeficient fibroblasts transfected with MyoD become myogenic and express early muscle markers such as myogenin, expression of late ...
... both MyoD and MEF2 transcriptional activity, as well as maintaining the terminally differentiated state (Schneider et al., 1994; Novitch et al., 1996, 1999). Although pRbdeficient fibroblasts transfected with MyoD become myogenic and express early muscle markers such as myogenin, expression of late ...
Loss of MicroRNAs in Neural Crest Leads to Cardiovascular
... Methods and Results—We deleted Dicer from the NCC lineage and showed that Dicer conditional mutants exhibit severe defects in multiple craniofacial and cardiovascular structures, many of which are observed in human neuro-craniofacialcardiac syndrome patients. We found that cranial NCCs require Dicer ...
... Methods and Results—We deleted Dicer from the NCC lineage and showed that Dicer conditional mutants exhibit severe defects in multiple craniofacial and cardiovascular structures, many of which are observed in human neuro-craniofacialcardiac syndrome patients. We found that cranial NCCs require Dicer ...
Cellular Biology - Circulation Research
... are octaploid (4N⫻2). The remaining cells show an even higher ploidy of up to 32N. These numbers differ depending on the techniques used and individual mouse strains, which have led to some discrepancies in the literature.3 Because polyploidization of ventricular cardiomyocytes occurs within the fir ...
... are octaploid (4N⫻2). The remaining cells show an even higher ploidy of up to 32N. These numbers differ depending on the techniques used and individual mouse strains, which have led to some discrepancies in the literature.3 Because polyploidization of ventricular cardiomyocytes occurs within the fir ...
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (/ˌæpəˈtoʊsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ἀπό apo, ""by, from, of, since, than"" and πτῶσις ptōsis, ""fall"") is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay.In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytic cells are able to engulf and quickly remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage.Between 50 and 70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult. For an average child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20 billion to 30 billion cells die a day.Research in and around apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s. In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases. Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy, whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer.Some factors like Fas receptor, caspases (C-cysteine rich, asp- aspartic acid moiety containing, ase – proteases) etc. promote apoptosis, while members of Bcl-2 inhibit apoptosis.