File produced at level 10
... balance between mitochondrial fusion and division in different cell contexts. For example, mitochondria break into smaller pieces early in programmed cell death (apoptosis). This event is triggered by up-regulation of Drp1/Dnm1 and down-regulation of mitofusins. Later in apoptosis, altered OPA1/Mgm1 ...
... balance between mitochondrial fusion and division in different cell contexts. For example, mitochondria break into smaller pieces early in programmed cell death (apoptosis). This event is triggered by up-regulation of Drp1/Dnm1 and down-regulation of mitofusins. Later in apoptosis, altered OPA1/Mgm1 ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Mammals
... fragment is oriented toward the cytosol, because it is able to interact with a soluble amino-terminal fragment, thereby changing the localization of the amino-terminal fragment from the cytosol to the mitochondria (Rojo et al., 2002). This topological arrangement indicates that the transmembrane seg ...
... fragment is oriented toward the cytosol, because it is able to interact with a soluble amino-terminal fragment, thereby changing the localization of the amino-terminal fragment from the cytosol to the mitochondria (Rojo et al., 2002). This topological arrangement indicates that the transmembrane seg ...
The Cytoplasm-to-Vacuole Targeting Pathway: A Historical
... fuses with the vacuole, releasing the single membrane Cvt body into the lumen. The Cvt body is broken down by the Atg15 lipase, allowing access to vacuolar hydrolases. Atg19 and Atg8 are degraded. The propeptide of prApe1 is removed and the enzyme becomes active. ...
... fuses with the vacuole, releasing the single membrane Cvt body into the lumen. The Cvt body is broken down by the Atg15 lipase, allowing access to vacuolar hydrolases. Atg19 and Atg8 are degraded. The propeptide of prApe1 is removed and the enzyme becomes active. ...
FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein associates
... (5). NTCT-p70S6K is sensitive to kinase-directed signals initiated by mitogens and growth factors, but it is insensitive to signals that pass through the FRAP-regulated phosphatase. NTCT-p70S6K is unable to interact with this phosphatase. Accordingly, NTCT-p70S6K is sensitive to wortmanin (phosphati ...
... (5). NTCT-p70S6K is sensitive to kinase-directed signals initiated by mitogens and growth factors, but it is insensitive to signals that pass through the FRAP-regulated phosphatase. NTCT-p70S6K is unable to interact with this phosphatase. Accordingly, NTCT-p70S6K is sensitive to wortmanin (phosphati ...
Keeping the immune system in check: a role for mitophagy
... signals come in multiple forms. Foreign bacterial DNA can be recognized by STING (stimulator of interferon genes), an essential adaptor protein that functions in type I interferon production and xenophagy.65 Galectin-8 is a danger receptor that binds exposed host glycans from damaged vacuoles contai ...
... signals come in multiple forms. Foreign bacterial DNA can be recognized by STING (stimulator of interferon genes), an essential adaptor protein that functions in type I interferon production and xenophagy.65 Galectin-8 is a danger receptor that binds exposed host glycans from damaged vacuoles contai ...
Rheb and mammalian target of rapamycin in mitochondrial
... Under conditions of low metabolic activity an excess of mitochondria can selectively be removed via a specialized form of autophagy, named mitophagy (reviewed in [4]). Quality control of mitochondria is ensured via various mechanisms. First, mitochondria undergo continuous cycles of fusion and fissi ...
... Under conditions of low metabolic activity an excess of mitochondria can selectively be removed via a specialized form of autophagy, named mitophagy (reviewed in [4]). Quality control of mitochondria is ensured via various mechanisms. First, mitochondria undergo continuous cycles of fusion and fissi ...
Crosstalk in NF-κB signaling pathways
... Andrea Oeckinghaus, Matthew S Hayden & Sankar Ghosh NF-kB transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation. A variety of stimuli coalesce on NF-kB activation, which can in turn mediate varied transcriptional programs. Consequently, NF-kB-depe ...
... Andrea Oeckinghaus, Matthew S Hayden & Sankar Ghosh NF-kB transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation. A variety of stimuli coalesce on NF-kB activation, which can in turn mediate varied transcriptional programs. Consequently, NF-kB-depe ...
- Wiley Online Library
... near and n = 39 far). The average diameter of the neurites in which we tracked mitochondrial movement, determined from all of those for which we had DIC images, was 1.16 ± 0.1 μm (mean ± SEM, N = 19). Well above the diffraction limit of the point spread function (>400 nm), the apparent and real size ...
... near and n = 39 far). The average diameter of the neurites in which we tracked mitochondrial movement, determined from all of those for which we had DIC images, was 1.16 ± 0.1 μm (mean ± SEM, N = 19). Well above the diffraction limit of the point spread function (>400 nm), the apparent and real size ...
Inflammation and proliferation – a causal event of host response to
... N-terminal domain of IkBa (Karin & Ben-Neriah, 2000). H. pylori infection results in the activation of specific intracellular signalling pathways with subsequent activation of the IkB kinase (IKK) complex. This complex comprises two catalytic subunits (IKKa and IKKb) and a regulatory subunit (IKKc), ...
... N-terminal domain of IkBa (Karin & Ben-Neriah, 2000). H. pylori infection results in the activation of specific intracellular signalling pathways with subsequent activation of the IkB kinase (IKK) complex. This complex comprises two catalytic subunits (IKKa and IKKb) and a regulatory subunit (IKKc), ...
A Cell is Like A (100 points) You will compare an animal or plant
... ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, vacuole. o Plant Cell Projects MUST include the following 12 organelles: nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, ...
... ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, vacuole. o Plant Cell Projects MUST include the following 12 organelles: nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, ...
cIAP-1 Controls Innate Immunity to C. pneumoniae Pulmonary
... function of IAPs in vivo is still unknown. XIAP is probably the only potent direct inhibitor of caspase-3, 7 or 9 [19], but an apoptosis related phenotype has not yet been identified in XIAP knockout mice [20]. A recent report suggests that IAPs are multifunctional signaling devices that influence i ...
... function of IAPs in vivo is still unknown. XIAP is probably the only potent direct inhibitor of caspase-3, 7 or 9 [19], but an apoptosis related phenotype has not yet been identified in XIAP knockout mice [20]. A recent report suggests that IAPs are multifunctional signaling devices that influence i ...
The beneficial role of proteolysis in skeletal muscle growth and
... important to note that the exercise regimens between these studies were not identical and varied in aspects such as speed, treadmill inclination, and time. These are likely significant factors given the recent research by Schwalm et al. [99] that indicates that exercise intensity may be the crucial ...
... important to note that the exercise regimens between these studies were not identical and varied in aspects such as speed, treadmill inclination, and time. These are likely significant factors given the recent research by Schwalm et al. [99] that indicates that exercise intensity may be the crucial ...
Protected Cell Companies Act 1999
... registered with the Registrar from time to time, and in the case of a protected cell company which is registered by way of continuation of a foreign company, means the Articles of Association as registered with the Registrar by way of continuation; “Authority” means the Mauritius Offshore Business A ...
... registered with the Registrar from time to time, and in the case of a protected cell company which is registered by way of continuation of a foreign company, means the Articles of Association as registered with the Registrar by way of continuation; “Authority” means the Mauritius Offshore Business A ...
Loss of PTEN Promotes Tumor Development in
... Tumorigenicity Assays and Tumor Processing. All of the animal exper- antibody for 30 min. Tumor slices were next incubated with peroxidase-labeled imentation was performed according to protocols approved by the Institutional streptavidin from PharMingen for 30 min, then briefly rinsed in PBS-T. Anim ...
... Tumorigenicity Assays and Tumor Processing. All of the animal exper- antibody for 30 min. Tumor slices were next incubated with peroxidase-labeled imentation was performed according to protocols approved by the Institutional streptavidin from PharMingen for 30 min, then briefly rinsed in PBS-T. Anim ...
Mitochondrial behaviour throughout the lytic cycle of Toxoplasma
... observed that imaging with this marker identifies mitochondrial structures that are not labeled using the matrix marker (Fig. 1c, arrowhead). It further labels a continuous mitochondrial tubule, whereas the matrix signal is fragmented (Fig. 1d, arrowheads). 215430-YFP is used throughout this report. ...
... observed that imaging with this marker identifies mitochondrial structures that are not labeled using the matrix marker (Fig. 1c, arrowhead). It further labels a continuous mitochondrial tubule, whereas the matrix signal is fragmented (Fig. 1d, arrowheads). 215430-YFP is used throughout this report. ...
Cell death by autophagy: facts and apparent artefacts
... and metazoans, and involves the action of the canonical Atg genes as described above. The process of autophagic/ vacuolar cell death in plants resembles metazoan autophagy, and examples of autophagic/vacuolar cell deaths during plant development and under stress conditions are beginning to be reveal ...
... and metazoans, and involves the action of the canonical Atg genes as described above. The process of autophagic/ vacuolar cell death in plants resembles metazoan autophagy, and examples of autophagic/vacuolar cell deaths during plant development and under stress conditions are beginning to be reveal ...
A Novel Form of DAP5 Protein Accumulates in Apoptotic Cells as a
... hand and the rescue of the gene as a mediator of apoptosis on the other hand suggest that further studies of this gene should highlight novel mechanisms linking translational control to restriction of cellular outgrowth by PCD (21). While DAP5 was reported to be ubiquitously and abundantly expressed ...
... hand and the rescue of the gene as a mediator of apoptosis on the other hand suggest that further studies of this gene should highlight novel mechanisms linking translational control to restriction of cellular outgrowth by PCD (21). While DAP5 was reported to be ubiquitously and abundantly expressed ...
Doehrty-McMahon 2009
... CME is the only major mechanism by which endocytosis occurs, for many years, the term receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) has been used, often synonymously with CME. Owing to the clarity beginning to emerge from studies of endocytic events, we urge abandonment of the term RME because methods are rea ...
... CME is the only major mechanism by which endocytosis occurs, for many years, the term receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) has been used, often synonymously with CME. Owing to the clarity beginning to emerge from studies of endocytic events, we urge abandonment of the term RME because methods are rea ...
Insulin-Like Growth Factor and Potassium Depolarization Maintain
... Figure 1. IGF-1 can substitute for elevated K1 in the maintenance of neuronal survival. Granule neurons were cultured in BME supplemented with high K1 (25 mM KCl) and 10% FCS. After 7 d, the cultures were switched to serum-free BME (normally containing 5mM KCl) supplemented with (a) 25 mM KCl, (b) n ...
... Figure 1. IGF-1 can substitute for elevated K1 in the maintenance of neuronal survival. Granule neurons were cultured in BME supplemented with high K1 (25 mM KCl) and 10% FCS. After 7 d, the cultures were switched to serum-free BME (normally containing 5mM KCl) supplemented with (a) 25 mM KCl, (b) n ...
NF-kB as a primary regulator of the stress response
... activated by one or more upstream kinases. Moreover, it was found that NIK and MEKK-1 induce IKK activity via phosphorylation of IKK2 on Ser 177 and 181, and that IKK1 does not undergo induced phosphorylation at the corresponding sites nor is it required for IKK activity. Because NIK and MEKK-1 are ...
... activated by one or more upstream kinases. Moreover, it was found that NIK and MEKK-1 induce IKK activity via phosphorylation of IKK2 on Ser 177 and 181, and that IKK1 does not undergo induced phosphorylation at the corresponding sites nor is it required for IKK activity. Because NIK and MEKK-1 are ...
Endocytosis Via Caveolae
... unusual topology in that the cytosolic N- and C-terminal domains are cytosolic connected by a hydrophobic sequence that is buried in the membrane but does not span the bilayer (23,24). Caveolins are palmitoylated in the C-terminal segment (25), they can be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues (26), t ...
... unusual topology in that the cytosolic N- and C-terminal domains are cytosolic connected by a hydrophobic sequence that is buried in the membrane but does not span the bilayer (23,24). Caveolins are palmitoylated in the C-terminal segment (25), they can be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues (26), t ...
Spatial and temporal regulation of DNA
... It was recently demonstrated that during the processes of germination, DNA fragmentation (about 200 bp laddering) occurred in aleurone cells. The appearance of DNA fragmentation started in the aleurone cells near the embryo and extended to the distal end of the grain during germination. This DNA fra ...
... It was recently demonstrated that during the processes of germination, DNA fragmentation (about 200 bp laddering) occurred in aleurone cells. The appearance of DNA fragmentation started in the aleurone cells near the embryo and extended to the distal end of the grain during germination. This DNA fra ...
On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell
... recruitment of the FADD adaptor protein, consecutive to the engagement of `death' receptors of the CD95/tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family by their ligands. Other initiator caspases, such as caspase 9, are activated downstream of the mitochondria outer membrane permeabilization induced by ...
... recruitment of the FADD adaptor protein, consecutive to the engagement of `death' receptors of the CD95/tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family by their ligands. Other initiator caspases, such as caspase 9, are activated downstream of the mitochondria outer membrane permeabilization induced by ...
Neutrophils in the innate immune response
... developed clever strategies to inhibit PMN recruitment and phagocytosis. Streptococcus pyogenes is a human pathogen that employs several novel mechanisms to circumvent destruction by neutrophils (reviewed by Voyich et al.195). For example, S. pyogenes produces a 130-kDa serine endopeptidase aptly ca ...
... developed clever strategies to inhibit PMN recruitment and phagocytosis. Streptococcus pyogenes is a human pathogen that employs several novel mechanisms to circumvent destruction by neutrophils (reviewed by Voyich et al.195). For example, S. pyogenes produces a 130-kDa serine endopeptidase aptly ca ...
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (/ˌæpəˈtoʊsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ἀπό apo, ""by, from, of, since, than"" and πτῶσις ptōsis, ""fall"") is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay.In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytic cells are able to engulf and quickly remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage.Between 50 and 70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult. For an average child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20 billion to 30 billion cells die a day.Research in and around apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s. In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases. Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy, whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer.Some factors like Fas receptor, caspases (C-cysteine rich, asp- aspartic acid moiety containing, ase – proteases) etc. promote apoptosis, while members of Bcl-2 inhibit apoptosis.