Autophagy and cell death in model organisms
... deleting structures, controlling cell numbers, eliminating abnormal or damaged cells and contributing in many pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on ca ...
... deleting structures, controlling cell numbers, eliminating abnormal or damaged cells and contributing in many pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on ca ...
Cyclin synthesis and degradation and the embryonic cell cycle
... interphase the nuclei are intact, D N A synthesis occurs (Blow and Watson, 1987; Hutchison et al. 1987) and the activity of M PF and H I kinase are low (Murray and Kirschner, 1989); as mitosis is initiated the activity of M PF and H I kinase increases, the chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope brea ...
... interphase the nuclei are intact, D N A synthesis occurs (Blow and Watson, 1987; Hutchison et al. 1987) and the activity of M PF and H I kinase are low (Murray and Kirschner, 1989); as mitosis is initiated the activity of M PF and H I kinase increases, the chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope brea ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms - IMBB
... deleting structures, controlling cell numbers, eliminating abnormal or damaged cells and contributing in many pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on ca ...
... deleting structures, controlling cell numbers, eliminating abnormal or damaged cells and contributing in many pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on ca ...
The different shapes of cocci
... tubulin homologue FtsZ, which polymerizes as a ring at the division site and is widely distributed in bacteria (Errington et al., 2003; Goehring & Beckwith, 2005). The recruitment of other division proteins in Escherichia coli and B. subtilis is subordinated to the presence of FtsZ at the division s ...
... tubulin homologue FtsZ, which polymerizes as a ring at the division site and is widely distributed in bacteria (Errington et al., 2003; Goehring & Beckwith, 2005). The recruitment of other division proteins in Escherichia coli and B. subtilis is subordinated to the presence of FtsZ at the division s ...
Phosphorylation of Beclin 1 by DAP
... T119 is located within Beclin 1’s BH3 domain. We show that DAPk significantly reduces the amounts of Bcl-XL, which are immunoprecipitated by wild-type Beclin 1, leading to autophagy, whereas it fails to reduce Bcl-XL binding to the T119A phosphosilencing mutant. Conversely, the T119E phospho-mimicki ...
... T119 is located within Beclin 1’s BH3 domain. We show that DAPk significantly reduces the amounts of Bcl-XL, which are immunoprecipitated by wild-type Beclin 1, leading to autophagy, whereas it fails to reduce Bcl-XL binding to the T119A phosphosilencing mutant. Conversely, the T119E phospho-mimicki ...
Interferons: cell signalling, immune modulation, antiviral responses
... S. Goodbourn, L. Didcock and R. E. Randall Fig. 1. The biological properties of α/β and γ IFNs. IFNs α/β and γ bind to specific surface receptors on primary target cells and induce the transcription of a variety of genes that mount an antiviral response. It is characteristic of these gene products ...
... S. Goodbourn, L. Didcock and R. E. Randall Fig. 1. The biological properties of α/β and γ IFNs. IFNs α/β and γ bind to specific surface receptors on primary target cells and induce the transcription of a variety of genes that mount an antiviral response. It is characteristic of these gene products ...
Global phosphoproteomic effects of natural tyrosine kinase inhibitor
... tool for comprehensively characterizing protein expression and modification. However, a limited number of tyrosinephosphorylated proteins were identified when using IMAC or TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment strategy because that tyrosine phosphorylation represents merely 0.05% of all the phosphorylatio ...
... tool for comprehensively characterizing protein expression and modification. However, a limited number of tyrosinephosphorylated proteins were identified when using IMAC or TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment strategy because that tyrosine phosphorylation represents merely 0.05% of all the phosphorylatio ...
Plant Cell Wall Proteins: A Large Body of Data, but What about
... It is difficult to obtain a high coverage of the complete set of proteins present in cell walls because of the lack of surrounding membrane which can result in the loss of CWPs during the isolation procedure [66]. CWPs can have little or no interactions with cell wall components and thus move freely ...
... It is difficult to obtain a high coverage of the complete set of proteins present in cell walls because of the lack of surrounding membrane which can result in the loss of CWPs during the isolation procedure [66]. CWPs can have little or no interactions with cell wall components and thus move freely ...
Induction of Apoptosis through B-cell Receptor Cross-linking
... and trypan blue uptake (8 –11). Exogenously added ceramides are generally able to mimic stress-induced apoptosis in a stereospecific manner, and inhibition of the formation of ceramide has been shown, at least in some cases, to inhibit progression of apoptosis (12–15). Ceramide can be generated thro ...
... and trypan blue uptake (8 –11). Exogenously added ceramides are generally able to mimic stress-induced apoptosis in a stereospecific manner, and inhibition of the formation of ceramide has been shown, at least in some cases, to inhibit progression of apoptosis (12–15). Ceramide can be generated thro ...
Supplementary information
... the mobility of p53 R249S (Sup. 1B). A less pronounced change is caused by the cotransfection of Hsp70 K71S, where WT p53 becomes slightly more mobile in the nucleus. Thus, at 37°C, a change in the activity of any of Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperone systems influences nuclear mobility of WT p53, most likel ...
... the mobility of p53 R249S (Sup. 1B). A less pronounced change is caused by the cotransfection of Hsp70 K71S, where WT p53 becomes slightly more mobile in the nucleus. Thus, at 37°C, a change in the activity of any of Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperone systems influences nuclear mobility of WT p53, most likel ...
Nestin Is Required for the Proper SelfRenewal of Neural Stem Cells
... the immortalized neuronal precursor cell line ST15A to H2O2induced apoptosis [14]. On the other hand, ectopic overexpression of nestin provided cytoprotective effect on ST15A against H2O2 treatment [14]. To examine the in vivo function of nestin, we generated nestin-deficient mice. In contrast to the ...
... the immortalized neuronal precursor cell line ST15A to H2O2induced apoptosis [14]. On the other hand, ectopic overexpression of nestin provided cytoprotective effect on ST15A against H2O2 treatment [14]. To examine the in vivo function of nestin, we generated nestin-deficient mice. In contrast to the ...
Endocytosis unplugged: multiple ways to enter the cell
... activation motifs. This leads to localized actin rearrangement, membrane extension around ligand, and thereby further engagement of receptors with ligand in a protruding cup with zipper-lock arrangement. In CR3-type phagocytosis (termed ‘trigger-like’), on the other hand, the process is triggered by ...
... activation motifs. This leads to localized actin rearrangement, membrane extension around ligand, and thereby further engagement of receptors with ligand in a protruding cup with zipper-lock arrangement. In CR3-type phagocytosis (termed ‘trigger-like’), on the other hand, the process is triggered by ...
YSK1 is activated by the Golgi matrix protein GM130 and plays a
... Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University/Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB09), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium ...
... Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University/Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB09), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium ...
RNA polymerase III component Rpc9 regulates
... DNA-directed RNA polymerase III complex (Pol III) is a specialized enzyme responsible for transcription of small noncoding RNAs (snRNAs) including 5S rRNA, tRNAs and 7SL RNA (Dieci et al., 2007). It is the most complex RNA polymerase, comprising 17 subunits with a total molecular mass of about 700 k ...
... DNA-directed RNA polymerase III complex (Pol III) is a specialized enzyme responsible for transcription of small noncoding RNAs (snRNAs) including 5S rRNA, tRNAs and 7SL RNA (Dieci et al., 2007). It is the most complex RNA polymerase, comprising 17 subunits with a total molecular mass of about 700 k ...
Balancing mitochondrial biogenesis and
... hazardous reactive oxygen species as by-products of respiration. Thus, eukaryotic cells have evolved a wide arsenal of quality control mechanisms to preserve mitochondrial homeostasis and prevent cellular damage and eventual death. Mitophagy, a selective type of autophagy, is triggered upon accumula ...
... hazardous reactive oxygen species as by-products of respiration. Thus, eukaryotic cells have evolved a wide arsenal of quality control mechanisms to preserve mitochondrial homeostasis and prevent cellular damage and eventual death. Mitophagy, a selective type of autophagy, is triggered upon accumula ...
The Nucleolus under Stress
... transcription and/or rRNA processing (reviewed in Chedin et al., 2007; Grummt and Voit, 2010). Only 50% of the 400 rDNA repeats in the human diploid genome are transcriptionally active. Interestingly, a change in growth conditions predominantly triggers a change in the transcriptional efficiency o ...
... transcription and/or rRNA processing (reviewed in Chedin et al., 2007; Grummt and Voit, 2010). Only 50% of the 400 rDNA repeats in the human diploid genome are transcriptionally active. Interestingly, a change in growth conditions predominantly triggers a change in the transcriptional efficiency o ...
Materials and Methods - Word file
... large cystic malformative lesions with hamartomatous components were observed in one or both kidneys in 90% of the animals. However, because this defect appeared in only one line of mice, we cannot exclude the possibility that this defect is due to transgene insertion, rather than to a specific netr ...
... large cystic malformative lesions with hamartomatous components were observed in one or both kidneys in 90% of the animals. However, because this defect appeared in only one line of mice, we cannot exclude the possibility that this defect is due to transgene insertion, rather than to a specific netr ...
A Simple 1-D Physical Model for the Crawling Nematode Sperm Cell
... MSP fibers carry a net positive charge. They are attracted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, which carries negatively charged lipids. The lipid mobile positive charges on the outer membrane leaflet, in turn, are attracted to the negatively charged glass coverslip. The physics of this inte ...
... MSP fibers carry a net positive charge. They are attracted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, which carries negatively charged lipids. The lipid mobile positive charges on the outer membrane leaflet, in turn, are attracted to the negatively charged glass coverslip. The physics of this inte ...
Programmed cell death in C. elegans: the genetic framework
... normal cells, since ced-3 mutants are superficially indistinguishable from wild-type animals and do not show obvious morphological or behavioral abnormalities (18). However, subtle defects such as slow growth, slightly reduced brood size, and impaired chemotaxis response have been observed with ced ...
... normal cells, since ced-3 mutants are superficially indistinguishable from wild-type animals and do not show obvious morphological or behavioral abnormalities (18). However, subtle defects such as slow growth, slightly reduced brood size, and impaired chemotaxis response have been observed with ced ...
Vesicle Trafficking during Somatic Cytokinesis
... to be shown whether this occurs during cytokinesis. In the ConA-treated binucleated Arabidopsis root tip cells, fragmented cell plate-like structures and unfused membrane vesicles, resembling the vesicles that accumulate in the kn mutant, could be seen at the cell equator using electron microscopic ...
... to be shown whether this occurs during cytokinesis. In the ConA-treated binucleated Arabidopsis root tip cells, fragmented cell plate-like structures and unfused membrane vesicles, resembling the vesicles that accumulate in the kn mutant, could be seen at the cell equator using electron microscopic ...
Unprocessed Proinsulin Promotes Cell Survival During
... Blockade of insulin receptor in vivo induces cell death in the neurulating chick embryo. Insulin prevents apoptotic cell death during chick embryonic development (8,18). To further characterize the tissues and cells dependent on prepancreatic insulin in vivo, we determined the spatial distribution o ...
... Blockade of insulin receptor in vivo induces cell death in the neurulating chick embryo. Insulin prevents apoptotic cell death during chick embryonic development (8,18). To further characterize the tissues and cells dependent on prepancreatic insulin in vivo, we determined the spatial distribution o ...
The Drosophila wing differentiation factor Vestigial
... Figure 2 vg drives the cell cycle. All discs are orientated in the same way with the posterior compartment to the right. Anti-BrdU antibody marks cells in the S phase in third instar wing disc. (a) Canton-S wild-type disc: all cells are uniformly stained except the zone of nonproliferating cells (ZN ...
... Figure 2 vg drives the cell cycle. All discs are orientated in the same way with the posterior compartment to the right. Anti-BrdU antibody marks cells in the S phase in third instar wing disc. (a) Canton-S wild-type disc: all cells are uniformly stained except the zone of nonproliferating cells (ZN ...
The complex life of simple sphingolipids
... (Merrill, 2002), functions both as a key player in cell signalling and as the precursor of more complex sphingolipids. In contrast to complex sphingolipids, which contain a hydrophilic region (such as phosphate in the case of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate, phosphorylcholine ...
... (Merrill, 2002), functions both as a key player in cell signalling and as the precursor of more complex sphingolipids. In contrast to complex sphingolipids, which contain a hydrophilic region (such as phosphate in the case of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate, phosphorylcholine ...
Polarity and endocytosis: reciprocal regulation
... Alternatively, cargo destined for recycling rather than degradation is sorted into a specialized recycling endosome and then returned via vesicles to the plasma membrane. Notably, each of these steps is independently regulated by the interaction of multiple proteins (see Box 1 and Refs [2– 4] for de ...
... Alternatively, cargo destined for recycling rather than degradation is sorted into a specialized recycling endosome and then returned via vesicles to the plasma membrane. Notably, each of these steps is independently regulated by the interaction of multiple proteins (see Box 1 and Refs [2– 4] for de ...
Molecular organization of the cell wall of Candida albicans
... extracted walls are strongly recommended for structural studies. Various classes of cell-surface proteins have been described. 1. Cell-surface proteins released by extraction from intact cells with reducing agents [26]. These will include CWPs that are linked through disulphide bridges to other CWPs ...
... extracted walls are strongly recommended for structural studies. Various classes of cell-surface proteins have been described. 1. Cell-surface proteins released by extraction from intact cells with reducing agents [26]. These will include CWPs that are linked through disulphide bridges to other CWPs ...
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (/ˌæpəˈtoʊsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ἀπό apo, ""by, from, of, since, than"" and πτῶσις ptōsis, ""fall"") is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay.In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytic cells are able to engulf and quickly remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage.Between 50 and 70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult. For an average child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20 billion to 30 billion cells die a day.Research in and around apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s. In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases. Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy, whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer.Some factors like Fas receptor, caspases (C-cysteine rich, asp- aspartic acid moiety containing, ase – proteases) etc. promote apoptosis, while members of Bcl-2 inhibit apoptosis.