Research Databases
... Even before scientists suspected a role in common diseases, mitochondria had some biological celebrity. The sometimes tubular, sometimes bean-shaped structures are remnants of an ancient bacterium captured by a one-celled organism more than a billion years ago, experts believe. In animal cells, mito ...
... Even before scientists suspected a role in common diseases, mitochondria had some biological celebrity. The sometimes tubular, sometimes bean-shaped structures are remnants of an ancient bacterium captured by a one-celled organism more than a billion years ago, experts believe. In animal cells, mito ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in Cytokinesis and
... protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 plays a critical role in both the assembly of the exocyst and its targeting to sites of secretion. The crystal structure of t ...
... protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 plays a critical role in both the assembly of the exocyst and its targeting to sites of secretion. The crystal structure of t ...
Autophagy in the Eukaryotic Cell - CiteSeerX
... The major cellular pathways for protein and organelle turnover are autophagy and proteasome-mediated degradation. These processes are important to maintain a well-controlled balance between anabolism and catabolism in order to have normal cell growth and development. They play an essential role duri ...
... The major cellular pathways for protein and organelle turnover are autophagy and proteasome-mediated degradation. These processes are important to maintain a well-controlled balance between anabolism and catabolism in order to have normal cell growth and development. They play an essential role duri ...
Autophagic Components Contribute to Hypersensitive Cell Death in
... death, which typically appears several days after infection (Abramovitch et al., 2006). However, if type III effector functions on host targets are perceived by specific alleles of NB-LRR genes, they act as avirulence factors (Avr proteins), and elicit HR PCD within hours after pathogen attack (Lam, ...
... death, which typically appears several days after infection (Abramovitch et al., 2006). However, if type III effector functions on host targets are perceived by specific alleles of NB-LRR genes, they act as avirulence factors (Avr proteins), and elicit HR PCD within hours after pathogen attack (Lam, ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in
... protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 plays a critical role in both the assembly of the exocyst and its targeting to sites of secretion. The crystal structure of t ...
... protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 plays a critical role in both the assembly of the exocyst and its targeting to sites of secretion. The crystal structure of t ...
Fc Macrophages via the ERK Pathway Receptor Cross-linking Stimulates Cell Proliferation of *
... cross-link FcR on the cell membrane. FcR cross-linking triggers complicated signaling transduction pathways that promote phagocytosis and induces the transcription of numerous genes in macrophages that contribute to subsequent inflammatory and immune responses. Given the central role of macrophage F ...
... cross-link FcR on the cell membrane. FcR cross-linking triggers complicated signaling transduction pathways that promote phagocytosis and induces the transcription of numerous genes in macrophages that contribute to subsequent inflammatory and immune responses. Given the central role of macrophage F ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in Cytokinesis and
... protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 plays a critical role in both the assembly of the exocyst and its targeting to sites of secretion. The crystal structure of t ...
... protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 plays a critical role in both the assembly of the exocyst and its targeting to sites of secretion. The crystal structure of t ...
ANALYSIS OF NF-κB, CASPASE-3, MMP-2, MMP
... Classical Hodgkin lymphoma shows bimodal age distribution, with two peaks in young adult (15-35 years) and older age group in industrialized countries, and in childhood and older age groups in developing countries [7]. MCCHL is relatively more frequent in children and older adults and more common in ...
... Classical Hodgkin lymphoma shows bimodal age distribution, with two peaks in young adult (15-35 years) and older age group in industrialized countries, and in childhood and older age groups in developing countries [7]. MCCHL is relatively more frequent in children and older adults and more common in ...
Midbodies and phragmoplasts: analogous structures
... Cytokinesis is an event common to all organisms that involves the precise coordination of independent pathways involved in cell-cycle regulation and microtubule, membrane, actin and organelle dynamics. In animal cells, the spindle midzone/midbody with associated endo-membrane system are required for ...
... Cytokinesis is an event common to all organisms that involves the precise coordination of independent pathways involved in cell-cycle regulation and microtubule, membrane, actin and organelle dynamics. In animal cells, the spindle midzone/midbody with associated endo-membrane system are required for ...
DAZL is essential for stress granule formation
... Mammalian male germ cells should be maintained below body temperature for proper development. Here, we investigated how male germ cells respond to heat stress. A short exposure of mouse testes to core body temperature induced phosphorylation of eIF2 and the formation of stress granules (SGs) in mal ...
... Mammalian male germ cells should be maintained below body temperature for proper development. Here, we investigated how male germ cells respond to heat stress. A short exposure of mouse testes to core body temperature induced phosphorylation of eIF2 and the formation of stress granules (SGs) in mal ...
Cell size: a consequence of growth and division?
... are conserved in flies and mammals (Fig. 4). In addition, some of the functions ascribed to this pathway in mammals are consistent with its ability to regulate growth in Drosophila. For instance, insulin/PI 3-kinase signalling has been implicated in the regulation of protein synthesis, metabolism, c ...
... are conserved in flies and mammals (Fig. 4). In addition, some of the functions ascribed to this pathway in mammals are consistent with its ability to regulate growth in Drosophila. For instance, insulin/PI 3-kinase signalling has been implicated in the regulation of protein synthesis, metabolism, c ...
REVIEW ARTICLE Mechanisms of pattern formation in development
... mechanisms that use cell behaviors other than signaling (we will refer to these as morphogenetic mechanisms) act on the previously established pattern to cause the formation of threedimensional tissues and organs. As described in detail below, morphogenetic mechanisms change the spatial distribution ...
... mechanisms that use cell behaviors other than signaling (we will refer to these as morphogenetic mechanisms) act on the previously established pattern to cause the formation of threedimensional tissues and organs. As described in detail below, morphogenetic mechanisms change the spatial distribution ...
Supplemental Figure Legends
... m was preserved in Ppif-/- MEFs. As a positive control, addition of 50 M carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), a mitochondrial uncoupler, was able to dissipate mitochondrial in both Ppif+/+ and Ppif-/- MEFs (data were collected from 2 independent experiments each perfor ...
... m was preserved in Ppif-/- MEFs. As a positive control, addition of 50 M carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), a mitochondrial uncoupler, was able to dissipate mitochondrial in both Ppif+/+ and Ppif-/- MEFs (data were collected from 2 independent experiments each perfor ...
Apoptotic cell clearance: basic biology and therapeutic potential
... recognition and uptake, and the subsequent biological responses, are increasingly better defined. The detection and disposal of apoptotic cells generally promote an anti-inflammatory response at the tissue level, as well as immunological tolerance. Consequently, defects in apoptotic cell clearance h ...
... recognition and uptake, and the subsequent biological responses, are increasingly better defined. The detection and disposal of apoptotic cells generally promote an anti-inflammatory response at the tissue level, as well as immunological tolerance. Consequently, defects in apoptotic cell clearance h ...
Expansion of the phragmoplast during plant cytokinesis: a MAPK
... DcKRP120-2 is also localized to the MT-interdigitating zone of the phragmoplast [20•]. The minus end-directed KLPs, KCBP (kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein) [22] and KatA (kinesin-like protein in Arabidopsis thaliana A) [23], localize along the length of phragmoplast MTs. It will be intriguing ...
... DcKRP120-2 is also localized to the MT-interdigitating zone of the phragmoplast [20•]. The minus end-directed KLPs, KCBP (kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein) [22] and KatA (kinesin-like protein in Arabidopsis thaliana A) [23], localize along the length of phragmoplast MTs. It will be intriguing ...
Cell-A-Brate - 6.LS.1 - Columbus City Schools
... 6.LS.1- Cells are the fundamental unit of life. All living things are composed of cells. The ways cells function are similar in all living organisms. 6.LS.3- Cells carry on specific functions that sustain life. Many basic functions of organisms occur in cells. Cells take in nutrients and energy to p ...
... 6.LS.1- Cells are the fundamental unit of life. All living things are composed of cells. The ways cells function are similar in all living organisms. 6.LS.3- Cells carry on specific functions that sustain life. Many basic functions of organisms occur in cells. Cells take in nutrients and energy to p ...
1 Cell polarity and asymmetric cell division: the C. elegans early
... Polarity establishment is initiated by the paternally provided centrosome, which brings the signal to break the cortical and cytoplasmic symmetries. The molecular nature of this signal is not clear [31,32]. Nevertheless, the spermdonated centrosome and associated microtubules contact the posterior c ...
... Polarity establishment is initiated by the paternally provided centrosome, which brings the signal to break the cortical and cytoplasmic symmetries. The molecular nature of this signal is not clear [31,32]. Nevertheless, the spermdonated centrosome and associated microtubules contact the posterior c ...
A Biological Overview of the Cell Cycle and its Response to Osmotic
... S. cerevisiae is usually very short compared to the M phase, often not distinguished from the M phase and referred to as the G2/M phase. S. cerevisiae replicates by budding asymmetrically [24]. Daughter cells are smaller than mother cells, and hence the G1 phase of a daughter cell is longer than tha ...
... S. cerevisiae is usually very short compared to the M phase, often not distinguished from the M phase and referred to as the G2/M phase. S. cerevisiae replicates by budding asymmetrically [24]. Daughter cells are smaller than mother cells, and hence the G1 phase of a daughter cell is longer than tha ...
Review The Role of Laminin in Embryonic Cell Polarization and
... laminin glycoprotein family are required for basement membrane assembly and cell polarization, with subsequent effects on cell survival and tissue organization during metazoan embryogenesis. These functions depend upon the cooperation between laminin polymerization and cell anchorage mediated via in ...
... laminin glycoprotein family are required for basement membrane assembly and cell polarization, with subsequent effects on cell survival and tissue organization during metazoan embryogenesis. These functions depend upon the cooperation between laminin polymerization and cell anchorage mediated via in ...
AMPK regulates ER morphology and function in
... nonstressed -cells, ER morphology was mainly tubular; treatment with palmitate (0.5 mmol/l) or thapsigargin (300 nmol/l) for 6 h induced marked ER expansion (Figure 1). Electron microscopy (EM), super-resolution confocal microscopy and detailed z-stack imaging of sections spanning 1–2 m showed tha ...
... nonstressed -cells, ER morphology was mainly tubular; treatment with palmitate (0.5 mmol/l) or thapsigargin (300 nmol/l) for 6 h induced marked ER expansion (Figure 1). Electron microscopy (EM), super-resolution confocal microscopy and detailed z-stack imaging of sections spanning 1–2 m showed tha ...
12 October 2000
... for nuclear shrinking and budding15, 16. Loss of overall cell shape is probably caused by the cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins such as fodrin and gelsolin17. Finally, caspase-mediated cleavage of PAK2, a member of the p21-activated kinase family, seems to mediate the active blebbing observed in apo ...
... for nuclear shrinking and budding15, 16. Loss of overall cell shape is probably caused by the cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins such as fodrin and gelsolin17. Finally, caspase-mediated cleavage of PAK2, a member of the p21-activated kinase family, seems to mediate the active blebbing observed in apo ...
The role of P2 receptors in controlling infections by intracellular
... Abstract A growing number of studies have demonstrated the importance of ATPe-signalling via P2 receptors as an important component of the inflammatory response to infection. More recent studies have shown that ATPe can also have a direct effect on infection by intracellular pathogens, by modulating ...
... Abstract A growing number of studies have demonstrated the importance of ATPe-signalling via P2 receptors as an important component of the inflammatory response to infection. More recent studies have shown that ATPe can also have a direct effect on infection by intracellular pathogens, by modulating ...
Perturbation of - Circulation Research
... Ubiquitination, the initial and essential step to target a protein molecule for degradation by the UPS, is achieved by a cascade of enzymatic reactions that covalently attaches ubiquitin to the target protein molecule or the preceding ubiquitin. The ubiquitin E3 ligase plays the rate-limiting and sp ...
... Ubiquitination, the initial and essential step to target a protein molecule for degradation by the UPS, is achieved by a cascade of enzymatic reactions that covalently attaches ubiquitin to the target protein molecule or the preceding ubiquitin. The ubiquitin E3 ligase plays the rate-limiting and sp ...
PDF
... signals. In the C. elegans embryo, the P0 zygote and subsequently the P1, P2, and P3 cells in the germline lineage divides asymmetrically to generate a large somatic daughter and a small germline daughter (P1, P2, P3, and P4) (Fig. 1A). During the P0 division, the PAR proteins are distributed asymme ...
... signals. In the C. elegans embryo, the P0 zygote and subsequently the P1, P2, and P3 cells in the germline lineage divides asymmetrically to generate a large somatic daughter and a small germline daughter (P1, P2, P3, and P4) (Fig. 1A). During the P0 division, the PAR proteins are distributed asymme ...
The Cell Cycle
... occur in yeast to a more complex eukaryotic organism, such as a cialized disciplines has been instrumental in the elucidation of the human, is thought to be valid. This is because the protein-based complex events of the cell cycle. machinery of the eukaryotic cell cycle control system has been One o ...
... occur in yeast to a more complex eukaryotic organism, such as a cialized disciplines has been instrumental in the elucidation of the human, is thought to be valid. This is because the protein-based complex events of the cell cycle. machinery of the eukaryotic cell cycle control system has been One o ...
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (/ˌæpəˈtoʊsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ἀπό apo, ""by, from, of, since, than"" and πτῶσις ptōsis, ""fall"") is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay.In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytic cells are able to engulf and quickly remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage.Between 50 and 70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult. For an average child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20 billion to 30 billion cells die a day.Research in and around apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s. In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases. Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy, whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer.Some factors like Fas receptor, caspases (C-cysteine rich, asp- aspartic acid moiety containing, ase – proteases) etc. promote apoptosis, while members of Bcl-2 inhibit apoptosis.