Endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria contacts: function of the junction
... have reported no significant effect of ERMES component deletions on PS to PE conversion and suggest that ERMES could be a tether for other functions that occur at ER–mitochondria contact sites15. This discrepancy could be due to the use of different methods for lipid analyses, or it is possible that ...
... have reported no significant effect of ERMES component deletions on PS to PE conversion and suggest that ERMES could be a tether for other functions that occur at ER–mitochondria contact sites15. This discrepancy could be due to the use of different methods for lipid analyses, or it is possible that ...
Where in the Cell Are You? Probing HIV
... transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to identify HIV-1 fusion at the cell surface [3], the advent of dually fluorescent HIV-1 virions and pH-sensing reporters have demonstrated that as much as 30% of virions can carry out fusion with endosomal membranes to initiate infections [8]. Overall, reporte ...
... transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to identify HIV-1 fusion at the cell surface [3], the advent of dually fluorescent HIV-1 virions and pH-sensing reporters have demonstrated that as much as 30% of virions can carry out fusion with endosomal membranes to initiate infections [8]. Overall, reporte ...
Adenomatous polyposis coli - Journal of Cell Science
... guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) Asef1. Most (~60%) cancer-linked APC mutations occur in a region referred to as the mutation cluster region (MCR; Fig. 1) and result in C-terminal truncation of the protein (Beroud and Soussi, 1996). Because these truncations cause loss of the domains require ...
... guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) Asef1. Most (~60%) cancer-linked APC mutations occur in a region referred to as the mutation cluster region (MCR; Fig. 1) and result in C-terminal truncation of the protein (Beroud and Soussi, 1996). Because these truncations cause loss of the domains require ...
Reverse engineering of drug induced DNA damage response
... kinase (PI3K/PI4K) catalytic domain. ATM and ATR work as sensors of DNA damage and their kinase activities are rapidly induced following different types of DNA damage. Activation of these kinases requires autophosphorylation and this could be used as a biomarker for DDR activation [7, 8]. Following ...
... kinase (PI3K/PI4K) catalytic domain. ATM and ATR work as sensors of DNA damage and their kinase activities are rapidly induced following different types of DNA damage. Activation of these kinases requires autophosphorylation and this could be used as a biomarker for DDR activation [7, 8]. Following ...
A Shift toward Smaller Cell Size via Manipulation of Cell Cycle Gene
... dexamethasone (DEX; Supplemental Fig. S1). Molecular analysis of transgenic plants generated using these constructs confirmed that following treatment with DEX there was either an accumulation of AtCYCD3;1 mRNA and protein or a decrease in transcript and protein level for AtRBR1 (Fig. 1). These chan ...
... dexamethasone (DEX; Supplemental Fig. S1). Molecular analysis of transgenic plants generated using these constructs confirmed that following treatment with DEX there was either an accumulation of AtCYCD3;1 mRNA and protein or a decrease in transcript and protein level for AtRBR1 (Fig. 1). These chan ...
Cardiolipin-Mediated Mitochondrial Dynamics and
... deletion of a positive regulator of CL, yeast mitochondria are more fragmented, indicating a stronger effect of CL on mitochondrial fusion (Tamura et al., 2009). In addition, CL contributes to the bioenergetics and biogenesis of mitochondria in animals and yeasts by enhancing the organization, stabi ...
... deletion of a positive regulator of CL, yeast mitochondria are more fragmented, indicating a stronger effect of CL on mitochondrial fusion (Tamura et al., 2009). In addition, CL contributes to the bioenergetics and biogenesis of mitochondria in animals and yeasts by enhancing the organization, stabi ...
Podosome-type adhesions and focal adhesions, so alike yet so
... Focal complexes are 0.5-1 µm dot-like contacts localized along the lamellipodia. These structures are not connected to stress fibers although they have been shown to be linked to the actin network. Moreover, they do not contain Zyxin suggesting that they are subjected to moderate mechanical tensions ...
... Focal complexes are 0.5-1 µm dot-like contacts localized along the lamellipodia. These structures are not connected to stress fibers although they have been shown to be linked to the actin network. Moreover, they do not contain Zyxin suggesting that they are subjected to moderate mechanical tensions ...
Melanotransferrin stimulates t-PA
... and sMTf compared to incubation without sMTf (Fig. 2A). This reduction of Fn suggests that sMTf treatment induces the degradation of Fn by generated plasmin. Interestingly, higher concentrations of plasminogen led to a 45% reduction in Fn detection, while the same experiment performed with 500 nM of ...
... and sMTf compared to incubation without sMTf (Fig. 2A). This reduction of Fn suggests that sMTf treatment induces the degradation of Fn by generated plasmin. Interestingly, higher concentrations of plasminogen led to a 45% reduction in Fn detection, while the same experiment performed with 500 nM of ...
Graft Rejection following Burn Injury Mechanism for Effective
... relative stability, a compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) develops with associated immunosuppression and increased risk of infection, that uncontrolled also can result in MODS and death. The controlling mechanisms for initiating and sustaining the development of SIRS and CARS hav ...
... relative stability, a compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) develops with associated immunosuppression and increased risk of infection, that uncontrolled also can result in MODS and death. The controlling mechanisms for initiating and sustaining the development of SIRS and CARS hav ...
Title Scaffold proteins in mammalian MAP kinase
... phosphatase (39), and OSM (osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3), a MEKK3-binding protein (40). Dynamic Regulation of MAPK Signaling Modules Mediated by Scaffold Proteins—MAPK scaffold proteins may function merely to increase the local concentration of their associated signaling components, as suggested b ...
... phosphatase (39), and OSM (osmosensing scaffold for MEKK3), a MEKK3-binding protein (40). Dynamic Regulation of MAPK Signaling Modules Mediated by Scaffold Proteins—MAPK scaffold proteins may function merely to increase the local concentration of their associated signaling components, as suggested b ...
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTOR ROLE OF
... million cases of shigellosis occur every year around the world, the vast majority of them in developing countries. High levels of antibiotic resistance, an increase in multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates and the lack of a licensed vaccine are factors that situate shigellosis as a public health pro ...
... million cases of shigellosis occur every year around the world, the vast majority of them in developing countries. High levels of antibiotic resistance, an increase in multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates and the lack of a licensed vaccine are factors that situate shigellosis as a public health pro ...
Thuy`s Rho family GTPases review
... Hotchin, N. and Alan, H. (1995). The assembly of integrin adhesion complexes requires both ECM and intracellular rho/rac GTPases. Buchsbaum, R. (2007). Rho activation at a glance. Wittmann, T. and Storer, C. (2001). Cell motility: can Rho GTPases and microtubules point the way? Allen, W. et al. (199 ...
... Hotchin, N. and Alan, H. (1995). The assembly of integrin adhesion complexes requires both ECM and intracellular rho/rac GTPases. Buchsbaum, R. (2007). Rho activation at a glance. Wittmann, T. and Storer, C. (2001). Cell motility: can Rho GTPases and microtubules point the way? Allen, W. et al. (199 ...
Modulation of T cell signaling by the actin cytoskeleton
... Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of the immunological synapse at the junction between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC). (A) T cell activation leads to large-scale protein segregation in the immunological synapse, which is a specialized cell–cell junction. (B) Proteins are translocated and dif ...
... Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of the immunological synapse at the junction between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC). (A) T cell activation leads to large-scale protein segregation in the immunological synapse, which is a specialized cell–cell junction. (B) Proteins are translocated and dif ...
Dynamin as a mover and pincher during cell migration and invasion
... which regulate the actin cytoskeleton (Peter et al., 2004). FBAR proteins are cytosolic proteins that tubulate and deform membranes, probably by inducing membrane curvature. They interact with dynamin and work in synergy with it to tubulate and vesiculate cellular membranes. Interestingly, expressio ...
... which regulate the actin cytoskeleton (Peter et al., 2004). FBAR proteins are cytosolic proteins that tubulate and deform membranes, probably by inducing membrane curvature. They interact with dynamin and work in synergy with it to tubulate and vesiculate cellular membranes. Interestingly, expressio ...
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... proteins and phagosomal membrane lipids may reduce Rab5-Rab7 conversion, specifically blocking the recruitment of RILP (Rab interacting lysosomal protein) to Rab7, or mycobacterial proteins may act as Rab7-GAPs to inactivate Rab7 and inhibit interaction with RILP [29]. These alterations in phagosoma ...
... proteins and phagosomal membrane lipids may reduce Rab5-Rab7 conversion, specifically blocking the recruitment of RILP (Rab interacting lysosomal protein) to Rab7, or mycobacterial proteins may act as Rab7-GAPs to inactivate Rab7 and inhibit interaction with RILP [29]. These alterations in phagosoma ...
Homeostasis and the Importance for a Balance
... signaling. Upon activation the insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate (IRS), which activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which in turns phosphorylates phosphoinositides to generate phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3). Phosphatase and tensin homolog (P ...
... signaling. Upon activation the insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate (IRS), which activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which in turns phosphorylates phosphoinositides to generate phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3). Phosphatase and tensin homolog (P ...
GSK-3 Promotes Cell Survival, Growth, and PAX3 Levels in Human
... regulated in melanoma is unknown, but posttranslational modification of PAX3 in other cell types alters activity and stability thereby regulating differentiation and has been implicated in tumor development (25–29). Although the mechanism of action by PAX3 in melanoma is poorly understood, its regula ...
... regulated in melanoma is unknown, but posttranslational modification of PAX3 in other cell types alters activity and stability thereby regulating differentiation and has been implicated in tumor development (25–29). Although the mechanism of action by PAX3 in melanoma is poorly understood, its regula ...
Prediction of protease substrates using sequence
... et al., 2009; Russell and Ley, 2002). The caspases are a family of endogenous cysteine proteases activated by extracellular death ligands and environmental stresses (Nicholson and Thornberry, 2003). Both protease types recognize and cleave specific peptide sequences containing an aspartic acid resid ...
... et al., 2009; Russell and Ley, 2002). The caspases are a family of endogenous cysteine proteases activated by extracellular death ligands and environmental stresses (Nicholson and Thornberry, 2003). Both protease types recognize and cleave specific peptide sequences containing an aspartic acid resid ...
Cellular Biology - Circulation Research
... proteins, such as cytochrome c,9 catalase,10 and cytochrome oxidase.11 The mitochondrial release of proteins, such as apoptosis-inducing factor and the second mitochondrial activator of caspase/DIABLO gene product, into the cytosol also regulates genes important for apoptosis.12 Thus, mitochondrial ...
... proteins, such as cytochrome c,9 catalase,10 and cytochrome oxidase.11 The mitochondrial release of proteins, such as apoptosis-inducing factor and the second mitochondrial activator of caspase/DIABLO gene product, into the cytosol also regulates genes important for apoptosis.12 Thus, mitochondrial ...
Cytochrome c Release and Apoptosis Induced by Mitochondrial
... TR3, an immediate-early response gene and an orphan member of the steroidthyroid hormone-retinoid receptor superfamily of transcription factors, regulates apoptosis through an unknown mechanism. In response to apoptotic stimuli, TR3 translocates from the nucleus to mitochondria to induce cytochrome ...
... TR3, an immediate-early response gene and an orphan member of the steroidthyroid hormone-retinoid receptor superfamily of transcription factors, regulates apoptosis through an unknown mechanism. In response to apoptotic stimuli, TR3 translocates from the nucleus to mitochondria to induce cytochrome ...
Auxin-Dependent Cell Division and Cell Elongation. 1
... When auxin controls cell division and cell elongation through different receptors, there must be different pathways. In fact, the response of cell division to auxin has been shown recently to require the activity of a putative heterotrimeric G-protein, whereas the response of cell elongation was not ...
... When auxin controls cell division and cell elongation through different receptors, there must be different pathways. In fact, the response of cell division to auxin has been shown recently to require the activity of a putative heterotrimeric G-protein, whereas the response of cell elongation was not ...
Rab-A2 and Rab-A3 GTPases Define a trans
... The molecular mechanisms that promote membrane trafficking through the endosomal system are still poorly understood, but phylogenetic analyses indicate that membrane trafficking mechanisms have diversified independently in plant and animal lineages (Sanderfoot et al., 2000; Rutherford and Moore, 200 ...
... The molecular mechanisms that promote membrane trafficking through the endosomal system are still poorly understood, but phylogenetic analyses indicate that membrane trafficking mechanisms have diversified independently in plant and animal lineages (Sanderfoot et al., 2000; Rutherford and Moore, 200 ...
Two-dimensional numerical study of flow
... When blood components adhere to a surface (e.g., the wall of a blood vessel) and are subject to a flow at the same time, cell tethers (i.e., long thin membrane cylinders extruded from adhered cells) may form due to the cooperation of hydrodynamic forces and adhesion forces. This phenomenon has been o ...
... When blood components adhere to a surface (e.g., the wall of a blood vessel) and are subject to a flow at the same time, cell tethers (i.e., long thin membrane cylinders extruded from adhered cells) may form due to the cooperation of hydrodynamic forces and adhesion forces. This phenomenon has been o ...
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... The immune system also uses apoptosis to regulate the turnover of lymphocytes throughout life which is referred to as lymphocyte homeostasis, and is vital in the resolution of immune responses to kill off effector cells once a pathogen has been cleared [11]. It has emerged in recent years that a num ...
... The immune system also uses apoptosis to regulate the turnover of lymphocytes throughout life which is referred to as lymphocyte homeostasis, and is vital in the resolution of immune responses to kill off effector cells once a pathogen has been cleared [11]. It has emerged in recent years that a num ...
Inorganic pyrophosphate is located primarily in the mitochondria of
... uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.9) is assumed to be in equilibrium in the cytosol (Guynn et al., 1974; Veech et al., 1980). This low value would also imply a mitochondrial location for most of the PP1. In this paper we have extended our previous studies on the PPi content of freeze-clamped livers by s ...
... uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.9) is assumed to be in equilibrium in the cytosol (Guynn et al., 1974; Veech et al., 1980). This low value would also imply a mitochondrial location for most of the PP1. In this paper we have extended our previous studies on the PPi content of freeze-clamped livers by s ...
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (/ˌæpəˈtoʊsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ἀπό apo, ""by, from, of, since, than"" and πτῶσις ptōsis, ""fall"") is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay.In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytic cells are able to engulf and quickly remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage.Between 50 and 70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult. For an average child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20 billion to 30 billion cells die a day.Research in and around apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s. In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases. Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy, whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer.Some factors like Fas receptor, caspases (C-cysteine rich, asp- aspartic acid moiety containing, ase – proteases) etc. promote apoptosis, while members of Bcl-2 inhibit apoptosis.