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Chapter 11: Organization of DNA in Eukaryotes 11.2: mtDNA Describe the Endosymbiotic hypothesis. Essentially, modern cells are a product of ancient eukaryotes engulfing free-living mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, allowing these (believed to be) prokaryotes to reside inside of the cytoplasm in a symbiotic relationship. After some time, these mitochondria and chloroplast could no longer live on their own outside of the eukaryote. How large is mtDNA in humans? About 16,000 base pairs, or 16 kilobases Does mtDNA have introns? What are introns? How is the presence or absence of introns significant? Human mtDNA does NOT have introns. Introns are non-coding SEQUENCES of the double helix. The absence of INTRONS in human mtDNA means that mutations will have a greater impact because all of the information is needed for normal cell structure and function; there is no “fluff” What does human mtDNA code for? What are the products of mtDNA transcription and translation? 13 proteins for aerobic cellular respiration; 22 tRNA for translation; 2rRNA for translation 11.4: Eukaryotic Organization of DNA Chromatin Uncoiled DNA present in the nucleus During INTERPHASE. Histones Proteins that allow DNA to spool around them due to the charge difference between the negatively charged DNA and the positively charged amino acids that make up the structure of the histones. Histones act much like a spool, allowing the DNA to wrap around the perimeter of the structure to draw DNA into a tightly-coiled mass. Nucleosome The combination of DNA and histone protein comprises a nucleosome structure. Acetylation Methylation Phosphorylation ALL are chemical modifications of the histone/DNA/nucleosome structure Adds a charged particle that Addition of a methyl group to Addition of a phosphate group changes the affinity of DNA and the nucleosome structure which to the amino acids of the histone. may activate genes. histone, changing the histone to a negative charge. Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin NON-coding REGIONS of chromosomes CODING regions of chromosome vs Chromosomes super-coiled DNA present in the nucleus During MITOSIS/MEIOSIS