Download Learning Goals Chapter 13

Biology
Chapter 13: RNA & Protein Synthesis
Learning Goals
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Video Clip: Nova Science Now: “The Science of Picky Eaters”
1. Describe the human genome project, its major discoveries and explain its importance
2. Compare the similarity of human DNA structure to other organisms and describe how it relates to evolution.
3. Evaluate how patents help and how they hinder scientific discovery
Text Section 13.1 RNA
1. Compare and contrast RNA and DNA
2. Identify some of the functions of proteins in living cells.
3. Identify the 3 types of RNA.
4. Explain the difference between the Sense Strand and the Antisense strand of DNA.
5. Explain the relationship between DNA, proteins, and amino acids.
6. Define codon.
7. Compare and contrast introns and exons and describe how they are related to a gene.
8. Explain the purpose of the enzyme RNA Polymerase
Lab: Snork DNA
1. Using a DNA sequence for an imaginary organism, determine the amino acid sequence for which it codes.
2. Show how the amino acid sequence relates to the trait expressed (phenotype).
Lab: NCBI Genome Database – Comparing Hemoglobin Genes
1. To search for DNA sequences of the NCBI Database – the same database real scientists use for studying
genes.
2. To compare and contrast the human and chimpanzee gene sequence for the beta subunit of the hemoglobin
gene.
3. To generate the amino acid sequence of one exon of the HBB gene.
4. To identify exons and introns in the sequence.
5. To analyze the differences between the sequences and conclude why there are more differences in introns
than in exons
Text Section 13.2 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
1. Identify the universal genetic code and explain how it is read.
2. Describe the steps in the process of transcribing DNA into mRNA.
3. Compare a codon and anticodon.
4. Demonstrate the ability to translate DNA codons into mRNA, tRNA and then amino acid sequences using
several types of mRNA translator charts.
5. Describe the sequence of steps in the process of translation.
6. Infer how the synthesis of proteins controls an organism’s phenotype.
7. Describe the “central dogma” of molecular biology.
8. Compare and contrast replication and protein synthesis.
Activity: Polypeptide Bingo!
1. to practice using 2 different codon translator charts
2. to become familiar with amino acid names
3. to practice translating mRNA codons into amino acid sequences and then DNA codons into amino acid
sequences
Text Section 13.3 Mutations
1. Define Mutation.
2. Explain how a point mutation occurs and give a common example.
3. Explain how a frameshift mutation occurs and give a common example.
4. Describe the four types of chromosomal mutations:
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
5. Describe how errors in disjunction occur and give examples.
6. Describe the results of:
Trisomy
Triploidy
Monosomy
Polyploidy
7. List some of the causes of mutations.
8. Explain the relationship between mutations and natural selection.
Text Section 13.4 Gene Regulation
1. Describe gene regulation in porkaryotes.
2. Explain how most eukaryotic genes are regulated. (TATA box)
3. Explain how promoter, repressors, operator and gene all function to regulate the gene’s activity using the lac
gene as an example.
4. Relate gene regulation to development.
5. Explain how hox gene regulation determines body development and differentiation.
6. Compare the hox genes of a fruit fly and mouse and explain how the similarities in genes and body plans are
evidence for evolutionary relationships.
Activity: DNA microarrays and Pharmacogenomics
1. Explain how DNA, gene expression, and enzyme production relate.
2. Use a paper DNA microarray to determine the function of gene variants for the enzyme cytochrome P450 in
3 different “patients”.
3. Evaluate how the genes each patient inherited will affect their level of codeine detoxification and conclude
whether or not the patient should be prescribed codeine.
4. Use a paper DNA microarray to compare gene activity of normal and cancerous genes.
5. Use an algorithm to identify which cancer genes tagged in your microarray would be best pursued for further
study.