Download Chapter 16-17 review sheet

Exam 5 Q2 Review Sheet
AP Biology
Exam 5 Q2 will cover:
Chapter 16: ALL
Chapter 17: ALL
1. This is a question – Draw out the process of transcription and translation in a cell
and use text where necessary to explain drawings. Make sure every aspect is made
clear from gene to folded protein including energy sources.
Make sure the following words are included and described: RNA polymerase, promoter,
transcription unit, enhancer sequences, terminator, general transcription factors, specific
transcription factors, spliceosome, ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP, nucleotides, introns, exons, 5’, 3’,7methyl-guanosine cap, poly-A- tail, polyadenylase, mRNA, pre-mRNA,5’UTR, 3’UTR, snRNA,
SnRNP, alternative splicing, polyadenylation sequence, splicing, genes, chromosomes, ribosome,
initiation factors, small subunit, large subunit, P-site, A-site, E-site, tRNA, aa-tRNA, tRNA
synthetase, ATP, anticodon, amino acids, transcription initiation, transcription elongation,
transcription termination, translation initiation, translation elongation, translation termination,
codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation, release factor, nucleus, nuclear pore,
start codon, stop codon, codons, polypeptide, 5 to 3 – N to C, antisense strand, sense strand,
TATA box, RNA transcript, .
2. Make sure you know all of the research discussed leading up to the discovery of
DNA as the hereditary material of life, the structure of DNA, and the
semiconservative model of replication. You also need to know the Beadle and
Tatum study, which was the first evidence showing that some gene code for
enzymes (the one gene one enzyme model – which obviously has since been
revised).
A. Griffith,
B. Avery, McCarty and MacLeod
C. Hershey and Chase
D. Meselson-Stahl
E. Miescher
F. Levene
G. Chargaff
H. Rosalind Franklin
I. Watson and Crick
J. Beadle-Tatum
K. Etc…
3. Know the structure of DNA…I will ask you to draw one of the nucleotides.
4. This is a question – Draw a DNA replication fork in a single diagram showing
how DNA is replicated (there is a slide showing this in the ppt). Include short
descriptions where necessary. You should include:
- energy source for all enzymes since this is all endergonic
- What every protein is doing and why it doing this
These words MUST be used in the writing and in the picture: origin of replication, DNA helicase,
DNA ligase, RNA primase, Okazaki fragments, single-stranded binding proteins, leading strand,
lagging strand, 5’, 3’, topoisomerase (gyrase), ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP, template strand,
complementary strand, daughter strand, parent strand, RNA primer, and DNA polymerase III,
DNA polymerase I.
5. Explain why the ends of chromosomes get shorter with each replication.
6. Describe the role of telomeres in DNA. Why do we need these repeats on the ends
of our chromosomes? Why must cancer activate its telomerase genes? In what
other cell type(s) do we find telomerase?
7. Make sure you can transcribe and translate a gene if I give you the DNA
sequence…see ppt for examples.
8. Know all the different types of mutations. Make sure you know what reading
frames are, how a shift could occur, and the result of a shift to the polypeptide.
9. Compare germline to somatic cell mutations.
10. This sheet is shorter than normally because you can do what I do, which is go
through the PowerPoint and book and write questions about every topic. Basically
know what is in the PowerPoints and the chapters - especially bold words and
figures. Use the videos on the virtual cell animations website to help you found
under the misc section of the website.