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UNIT D: DNA REPLICATION
By the end of the unit, you should know...
1. Name the four bases in DNA and describe the structure of DNA using the
following terms: Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base), Complementary
base pairing, Double Helix, and Hydrogen bonding
2. Describe DNA replication with reference to three basic steps: “Unzipping”,
Complementary base pairing, and Joining of adjacent nucleotides.
3. Define recombinant DNA
4. Describe three uses for recombinant DNA
5. Compare and contrast the general structural composition of DNA and RNA
VOCABULARY WORDS
_____ Adenine
_____ Base
_____ Chromosomes
_____ Complementary
_____ Cytosine
_____ Dehydration synthesis
_____ Deoxyribose
_____ DNA
_____ DNA Polymerase
_____ Double helix
_____ Empirical formula
_____ Evolution
_____ Genome
_____ Guanine
_____ Hydrogen bonding
_____ Helicase
_____ Helix
_____ Histone
_____ Mutagen
_____ Mutate
_____ Nucleotide
_____ Pentose Sugar
_____ Plasmid
_____ Polymer
_____ Purine
_____ Pyrimidine
_____ Recombinant DNA
_____ Replicate
_____ Replication Bubble
_____ Ribonucleic acid
_____ Rosalind Franklin
_____ Semi-conservative
_____ Stem cell
_____ Sugar Phosphate Backbone
_____ Thymine
_____ Unzip
_____ Uracil
_____ Watson and Crick
UNIT D: DNA REPLICATION
Interesting Facts:
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Humans share _____% of their DNA with bananas.
Cells can contain ________ feet of DNA. If all the DNA in your body was put end to
end, it would reach to the sun and back over ________ times.
DNA in all humans is ________ % identical. It is about one tenth of one percent that
makes us all unique, or about 3 million nucleotides difference.
DNA can store ______ gigabytes of information per inch and is the most efficient
storage system known to human. So, humans are better than computers!!
In an average meal, you eat approximately _________________ cells or between
______________________ miles of DNA.
It would take a person typing 60 words per minute, eight hours a day, around
__________ years to type the human genome.
So What Do We Know?
DNA is composed of units called _____________________, which are composed of three submolecules:
1. _________________ (deoxyribose)
2. _________________
3. _________________ (purine or pyrimidine)
DNA is composed of two _________________ strands
of nucleotides joined by ________________ _______:
____________ with ____________
They join with 2 hydrogen bonds
_____________ with _____________
They join with 3 hydrogen bonds
DNA twists into a ____________
Functions of DNA
1. DNA _____________________ machinery of a
_______________ _______________________, and,
therefore, DNA indirectly controls all of the functioning
of all living things.
2. DNA ______________________________ of an
individual
3. DNA ________________________ (change). This
allows for new characteristics & abilities to appear
which may help an individual to survive & reproduce
(______________).
4. Self replication: DNA has the ability to ______________
_______________________.
DNA REPLICATION
1. DNA replication is called ‘________________________’.
2. Semi-conservative replication is the process in which the
_________________ of DNA _____________ and act as
______________ for the synthesis of duplicate strands of DNA.
3. One copy of a DNA molecule will split apart to make _______
complete copies of itself. Each new DNA molecule is made up of
_______________ molecule and _____________ molecule.
#1
STEPS TO DNA REPLICATION
1. __________________: The DNA molecule ‘Unzips’ as the
_________________ between the base pairs are ______________.
The enzyme __________________ causes this unzipping to occur.
2. _____________________ _______________________:
Complementary __________ _____________________ to bond with
the complementary bases on the DNA chain.
3. FORM _______________________________________: The
nucleotides join as the sugars and phosphates bond to form a new backbone. This
process occurs due to the enzyme ___________________ which also checks for
___________________ as it goes.
#3
#2
4. This process continues along the primary chain until we have
________________________ of DNA molecules (assuming there have been no errors
made).
#4
ERRORS = MUTATION
1) Mutations can occur ___________ or through _______________ factors.
Environmental ____________ include some _____________ (food additives,
pesticides, plastics) and _____________ (X-rays to UV light).
2) A _________________ is a change of one or more ________________ in a single
gene. There are 3 types.
1) Addition
2) Deletion
3) Substitution
3) ______________________: a mutation of ____________ of a chromosome. These
__________ ________________.
RECOMBINANT DNA
Definition: __________________________________
____________________________________________
1. Gene ___________: add an extra copy of a gene
(cows with huge teats to make double the milk) or
deleting genes (removing the rotting hormone
from tomatoes).
2. Gene _____________: repairing a gene (as in
gene therapy).
3. Gene _____________: inserting genes from a
different species to give a new function (as in
making goats spider proteins in their milk or
making bacteria that create human insulin).
Recombinant DNA refers to DNA which has been altered by joining genetic material
from two different sources!